Dietary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dietary abbreviation - Essay Example2.1.2 Fats fats consist of fatty acids which are made up of long carbon bonds bonded together by glycerol. The most common type is three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol lynchpin and is refereed to as triglyceride. Fats may also be classified as saturated or unsaturated fats. The earth of this classification depends upon the structure of the fatty acid. The saturated fats have their carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. Unsaturated fats on the other collapse have less carbon atoms bonded to the hydrogen. Unsaturated fats are also refereed to as monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Research indicates that unsaturated fats particularly the monounsaturated fats are best for valet consumption. Dieticians also classify fats as ingrained and non-essential fatty acids. Non essential fatty acids are produced by the body while the essential fatty acids must be include in the diet. Essential fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6.2.1.3 Fiber It is a form of carbohydrate which is preoccupied by the body. It produces energy like ordinary carbohydrates but accounts for less energy due to their limited digestibleness and absorption rate. Cellulose is the most common eccentric. Fibers can be classified as soluble or indissoluble fiber. Fiber reduces the risk of colon cancer and aids in digestion reducing diarrhea and constipation. Food containing fiber includes whole grain, fruits such as plums, figs and prunes and vegetables. 2.1.4 Proteins The body structure is made of proteins. Skin, muscles, hair and flesh within the human body are made of protein complex. Protein also forms a constituent of all enzymes that control chemical reactions in the body. The chemical reaction enables production of energy and conversion of various chemicals. The protein molecules are made up of amino group acid molecules. The human body does require amino acids to

The British Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

The British Economy - Essay ExampleA opinionated exchange place system as the name suggests, is a system in which the atomic number 18na in question is striving to prevent the exchange rate of the currency to change with the change is ratio payments of deficits. This is a system which needs other accompanying systems to make it work (Pitt, 2001).When this system is to be implemented, the political science uses certain measures and implements some specific rules. Usually, these rules include the fact that when interventions in the foreign markets are made, there should be macro-economic adjustments so that the income which is spent on imports is reduced. Along with that, protective tariffs are imposed so that the number of imports evoke be reduced to a desir equal to(p) level. This system also includes some rules in which there is a restriction on the amount of foreign currencies that can be bought (Barro, 2008).The reason why a inflexible exchange rate is used is that it provi des certain benefits for the exporters. The basic reason why the exporters benefit from a fixed exchange rate is that there is greater certainty of the rates and the income which would be ultimately received from the export. The exporters fill to take lesser risks and can guarantee results that would be more or less near to the things which are predicted (Pitt, 2001).The fixed exchange rate also enables the domestic firms and their workers to make them more disciplined. They enforce the idea that the cost of the company should be kept under a strict balance because that is the only way in which the company is able to compete in the international market. When the domestic firms are watching their costs, the government is able to control inflation and that in turn would control the interest rates (Barro, 2008).The years 1876 to 1913, were the ones in which the rate of a currency was established on the basis of that currencys comparative conversion into an ounce of gold. This

If drugs were legalized, would law enforcement agencies benefit Essay

If drugs were legalized, would law enforcement agencies benefit - Essay Examplewas 1.3% in 1914, when drug accessibility restrictions were some(prenominal) more lax. In spite of the strict regulations and the vast amounts of money spent to prevent the free availableness of substances that are misused this percentage of drug addiction has remained the same at the turn of the new millenary (Kane, 2000).The second key argument is more important from the perspective of law enforcement. According to this argument a lot of time, effort and money of law enforcement are currently wasted on cracking charge on drugs, which could be better utilized on their other functions of crime prevention and crime staining to enable the citizens to live in a more peaceful environment. In essence this argument is for change magnitude the focus on crime prevention of law enforcement, instead if distracting it with the additional function of curbing the availability and misuse of drugs (Levinson, 2002).E ven if the point on the law enforcement agencies efforts to curb availability and misuse of drugs is conceded that does not intend that legalizing drugs would allow the law enforcement agencies to concentrate more effectively on reducing crime and making the rustic more for safe for its inhabitants. This is because legalizing drugs will make them more freely available and increase the misuse of these drugs, starring(p) to the offsprings of change magnitude misuse of drugs. One of the important outcomes of this increased misuse of drugs will be the increase in crimes particularly violent crimes. The increase in crime rates that it will in all probability overwhelm the enforcement agencies and instead of increased efficiency of crime fighting by the enforcement agencies, there will be a deterioration in their ability to cope with the increased number of crimes and the severity of these crimes. The final consequence would be reduced safety of the population of the country and mor e criticism of the law enforcement agencies (Wilson, 2002).This argument of increased

Taming Disability, Mastering Minds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taming Disability, Mastering Minds - Essay ExampleI hold outt wish to c each him disabled, because he had a distinctive ability to mimic the teachers and almost all of the popular figures. He was rather short and pudgy when he was a little young son and his growth was challenged by dwarfism in an early age of eight years. Jestin was excellent as a student and his ability to learn mathematics and physics was ever so a reference to all of us. He liked to play games with us most of them were power demanding and involving a lot of athletic abilities. When he walked, it was a curious sight to new people. I met him when I was in the elementary school. Our teacher Julie introduced him, told us to acquire to it after him and then assigned me as his partner to sit together. He walks towards me, I then realise why Julie told us to look after him he is disabled. I stared at him with a strange depend I have never been with a disabled person this close before. I think he knew I was star ing, but he pretend like he did non know. Maybe he was use to strange peoples attention in public, maybe he is just do not want to look at me in the eye and see something he did not want to see pity. He had his short limbs which were spectacular when he essay running or boarding the school bus. We al styluss observed him as different existence and that worried him a lot someone occasionally called him name calling of goblins and teased him a lot. He was teachers pet as he used to be the most prompt and one of the most brilliant students in the school. Though his brain was sharp, his hands were too small to enshroud the writing board in the classroom and so, he was denied the opportunity of being the leader of the class. Altogether, the link between his biological construction and inner self was established that way (Mossman, 15). His small body contained much proclivity and he used to eat a lot. The lunch hour of the school was seemingly inspiring to him as he would eat from a lunch box rather disproportionate to his size. While he attempted opening the lid of the lunch box, it was an amusing scene for other people to watch. The short hands grabbed a lot of food and rhythmically forced it inside his mouth in a rapid frame he was interesting. I always observed him with absolute attention to understand how his body reacted to his requirements to cope up with the challenges of mingling with classmates and doing experiments in the science lab. He was never discouraged rather, he developed the habit of exploring the unfathomable abilities that differentiated from normal people. Dwarfism was a curse to him when he liked to play on knit games therefore, he managed to settle himself into mind games and excelled in the feats. His eye contact and the facial expressions were very mature, but they were not supported by his short limbs to give him a perfect identity. Most noticeable fact of his airs was the style he used in arguing with someone who is very tall he would savvy and punch the stomach of the contender and make him silly with his witty expressions. As I grow up, I realized that there are so some people who need help, and there is no way I could help them all. The other thing I realized is that there are so many fake beggars and they are just faking it so people would give them money. I have decided to not look at them in the eye when I pass by and continue to walk my way. I used to watch him working so hard on his homework, using his left hand

The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment Essay

The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment - Essay Exampleincrease pressure on the resource, and factors to its proceeds, however, identifies concerns over trends in its future market. These lead to the question, how will the approximative oil attention affect our countrys economy and households livelihoods in the year 2020?Trends in the crude oil perseverance identify many unsureties, both short term and long term. Seasonal weather conditions that affect zipper consumption levels in traveling and heating determines variable necessity levels and prices of crude oil. Adverse weather phenomena such as hurricanes also hamper production process to influence emerge, and subsequently price of crude oil. different factors that influence trends in the industry include resolutions by OPEC, production cost, and technological developments for the industrys applications. increase demand for oil by emerging Asian economies such as China and India is another device drive r to the industrys trend (Nrcan 2010). Similarly, increasing global demand for oil indicates future demand concerns (Opec 2012).The industrys critical uncertainties are demand and adverse weather conditions. Demand has a high capableness level because it dictates the industrys quantity of production and influences prices at given yield capacities. It is however uncertain because of possible changes such as the emergence of expanding economies and development of alternative sources of energy. Adverse weather conditions also dictate the ability to mine crude oil and are highly unpredictable, being natural conditions (Nrcan 2010 Opec 2012).Demand for crude oil identifies two extremes, high demand relative to supply and low demand relative to supply while weather conditions identify existence of adverse weather conditions and favorable weather. The two factors generate quad scenarios as shown below (Burt 2006).A favorable condition will occur under high demand for crude oil and simu ltaneous favorable weather conditions. This would mean an active economy that utilizes energy for production activities and household needs. Availability of oil due to good weather would also mean sufficient supply and consequently favorable prices.

Islam and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islam and Democracy - Essay eventHistorical interaction between East and West is not obscured from the eye of the world and thereby, all the horse opera countries especially United States has always been trying to export its representative principles to the Eastern world, in an order to groom Islam compatible with democracy for the overall betterment of the world. Actually, Islam is the dominant religion of the eastern world and for this reason, myriad efforts to instruct the democratic governing pattern in the minds of the Muslim rulers have always been supported by US. (Al-Hibri 505) claims that the archetype of democracy is not what could be called a production of a modernized world, rather it was prevalent in the period of medieval Islam as well. Democracy was a prominent feature of the city Medina where Prophet Muhammad resided and it go along to be strengthening, until its progress and life came to an abrupt halt when Sunnis and Shias separated on the basis of confused conflicts regarding the Islamic Caliphate. This means that the doctrine of democracy is not altogether a new concept for the following of Islam and it has always been an essential feature of the Islamic principles, even before its importance and significance was stressed by the Western rulers. Governance under Islamic Caliphate was en emblem of democracy in which taking keeping of the choice of the frequent public meant to be the most important priority for the governors. Islamic Caliphate was truly shake up by the democratic principles and wanted every layman of the society to take active part in the betterment of the kingdom so that a rich repertoire of innovative constructive ideas could be heighten and encouraged. After Islam Caliphate however, monarchy ground governing system pursued which was largely and visibly devoid of the... This paper stresses that boldness under Islamic Caliphate was en emblem of democracy in which taking care of the choice of the common public m eant to be the most important priority for the governors. Islamic Caliphate was truly inspired by the democratic principles and wanted every layman of the society to take active part in the betterment of the nation so that a rich repertoire of innovative constructive ideas could be enhanced and encouraged. After Islam Caliphate however, monarchy based governing system pursued which was largely and visibly devoid of the golden democratic laws and systems, due to which Muslims at large remained unsatisfied with their rulers after Caliphate ended and engaged in petty fights fueled by insubordination with each other. Non-democratic or overbearing based governing system stimulates emergence of ferocious aggressiveness and obstreperous rebellion in the society due to which unity and harmony fade away completely.This report makes a conclusion that the old Muslim communities were more vigorously representative of the democratic style than the modern Islamic nations. The old Muslim socie ty was highly representative of democracy because back then, the government focused more on issue of law, order, and security, while public was left to deal with the rest of the issues. There used to be a lot of public freedom which shows that Islam has always been compatible with democracy, though a few authoritarian governments have and are still marring the democratic rule from time to time.

National Curriculum in Schools in England Essay

National political program in Schools in England - Essay ExampleFrom this study it is clear that a curriculum should not buck the leaners by ensuring that the developers constitute the most appropriate concepts for every stage of the learning process thereby guaranteeing best learning. This requires the consideration of such pertinent features of the learner as their age and the noesis gap. Additionally, an effective curriculum introduces concepts progressively thereby ensuring that the learner understands each concept at the most appropriate age. Besides the development of the concepts for the learner, curriculums reign over the teachers. According to the paper a curriculum essential consider and set feature requirements for the teacher thereby ensuring that only the most effective teachers impart the knowledge in the learners. A curriculum therefore advises the teachers on the best earning aids for every learning stage and the mode of teaching to ensure a fertile system. Ad ditionally, curriculums should always reflect the state of the society within which it is applied in a number of ways, the knowledge in the curriculum must have direct relevance with the environment within which it is used. This implies that the curriculum must envision the knowledge growth through time. An effective curriculum therefore has a period extend within which it is reviewed. In the United Kingdom, the period is four years a time within which the developers disengage certain aspects of the curriculum and replacing them with new concepts.

Improve the Quality of Public Education Research Paper

Improve the Quality of state-supported Education - Research Paper ExampleIt is feasible that, the child students and young graduates are finding uncontrollable to understand what the social or family value is. Divide of joint family into the small parts can stimulate negative mentality. Therefore, young generation cannot understand the proper family tradition and values. Several political issues and individualism is another(prenominal) reason behind the decline of earthly concern education system in America (Sexton, 2012). Privatization and high rot level regarding the fund distribution is creating barriers for the development of schools. In the year 1996, the federal government of America has provided 10 percent of total funding to the public schools. Moreover, the remainder comes from the local and state sources, but it was evidenced that the tip did not organize any kind of inquiry commission to about the decrease or adjoin in local or state investment (Peltzmen, 1992). Sin ce 2000, the government of America used to focus on the secluded educational institute. The people of middle income level find it very much difficult to lease their child in this expensive private educational institution due to depressed disposable income. The scotch downturn is the only reason for this low disposable income of people. Moreover, the government did not take appropriate initiatives for these kinds of issues. lento and gradually, the feature of education in the public schools has decreased. Responsibility of Teachers The public education of America is in a declining stage. Teachers and administrators have become very much incompetent and have been biased by the inadequate restrictive system. Low academic preparation is another issue... This paper approves that head the trainer is one of the key lead developments. The federal government of America should focus on educating members, volunteers and other coalition partners in determine to train the teachers prop erly. Confidence building is necessary for the teachers in order to teach the students appropriately. Presently, the public education system is absentminded the quality and some(prenominal) aspects. Government of America should make and manage commitments in order to develop the public education system. Last but not the least government should look forward to overcome the disputable economic and social situation. Presently, the crime rate is rapidly increasing in America. On the other hand, the low disposable income of middle class people is creating barrier for the parents to admit their child in the expensive private graduate schools. This paper makes a conclusion that some effective recommendation plans have been provided in order to overcome the challenges linked with the public education system in America. As it is feasible from the study is that, several economical, social and political factors and governments negligence is affecting the public education structure. Moreover , teachers inadequate teach process is creating difficulty for the students. The economic recession, low disposable income of people and political corruption has decreased the quality of education in the public schools. Moreover, teachers partiality while evaluating the exam papers is curtail the deserved students to perform effectively. Therefore, it is necessary for government to look after these issues and challenges in order to bring the wanton of education within the whole American Society.

To what extent do differing human resource management and training Essay

To what extent do differing human election management and training practices rear to varying levels of success between major national economies - Essay ExampleIt also enhances positive relationships within organisations in order to enhance greater success at the workplace. Thirdly, the theory enhances the development and motivation of employees in order to perform better at the workplace. In scathe of negative criticisms, the theory does not distinctly explain how the various relations within an organization enhance success in internationalistic blood across countries. The theory also fails to explain how HRM is linked to the strategic management of an organisation.Wright and Snell (1991) argue that abilities and skills are environmental inputs behaviours of employees are throughputs and satisfaction and performance of employees are outcomes. Therefore, the function of the HRM is to recruit, retain, utilize, and displace competencies in organizations (Jackson and Schuler, 1995 ).The primary positive chance of the theory is that it provides key functions of HRM which help HR managers to perform their duties of managing personnel effectively. Therefore, the theory provides key understanding of how HR managers can manage employees effectively to achieve higher results and success in international business (Wright and Snell (1991, p. 216). The principal(prenominal) criticism of the theory is that it focuses more on outlines than processes it identifies the various items that are included in an open system rather than explaining how these items work in a human imaging department. It also neglects most aspects of human resource management including policies on labour relations and human resource policies at the workplace.The transfer of human resource policy and practice occurs due to international competition pressure, organisational politics and international integration (Yu and Wu, p. 122). In terms of positive aspects, the theory enables the understandi ng of the success of HRM practices in different countries. It is also important for the understanding of international

The Two( Gloria Naylor) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Two( Gloria Naylor) - Essay ExampleSuch perceptions of births between women may harm the traditional gender role of a woman in a decree or it may harm the shape of relationship between the women. The story revolves around the main characters of Lorraine and Theresa, who just moved in Brewster Place. Soon, the other throng in the community discover their intimate relationship with each other which results in mass violence. Their relationship turns a new dimension when Lorraine is brutally raped by the some men from the community. Under this emergent trauma, she kills Ben, who protected the two women from the other men.Sophie plays a key role in igniting the flame of violence and gap the rumors about the two women in the community. The entire story revolves around the intolerance developed by the society against these women and particularly about the sensitive subject of homosexuality. Some cultures take it as normal but it is not the case in American society. Homosexuality is considered as a Taboo in major move of America. The chapter clearly represents the mental approach of people and their hostile attitude towards the women which nullifies the concept of freedom in a

Human resources Corporate culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human resources Corporate kitchen-gardening - Assignment ExampleI be possessed of seen that the Theory X managers are usually very warm to reach conclusions and are usually wrong in their assumptions but this is not the case with the Theory Y managers who take their time to understand things and then decide for their own selves what the best course of action is (Papa, Daniels, & Spiker, 2008). As far as the assumptions of human nature and standards of behavior within the contexts of influencing organisational cultures are concerned, I have witnessed that the organizational culture is usually backed up with an understanding of the human natures which are spread crossways the domains of an organization. This also means that the standards of behavior bring about different influences within the making up of the organizational culture which is something very significant indeed. I have seen assumptions of human nature and standards of behavior being at the behest of bringing about sign ificant changes in the course of the human resources management regimes in an organization. This is because people fight differently within varied scenarios and it is important to comprehend such circumstances. Human nature is something that shapes up the completed discussion of the organizational culture and it is about time that one comprehends the true implications of the same.

International Business Competing in the global marketplace Essay - 1

International dividing line Competing in the global marketplace - Essay ExampleFree deal must be encouraged. What this says active targeted trade barriers is that they are restrictive and detrimental to the cause of free trade.Q3) The United States is a net debitor nation and because the FDI flows into Japan are lesser than the FDI flows into the US from Japan. Moreover, the attractiveness of the US market for its inhalation patterns and its sheer size make for businesses from all over the world to invest in the US. The implications of this trend would be that more and more businesses in the US would be owned by Japanese and may non be good for the US prudence in the long term.Q4) I would recommend setting up a wholly owned subsidiary in Europe as this would lead to a grounds where my tighten can make use of the local subsidies and also leverage on the fact that the expert competence available with my firm makes it possible to manufacture the computers at half the cost. As for the other options, exporting directly from the US may involve paying tariffs and duties. And licensing to a European firm means that my firm has to share the know how with them.Q1) This is a classic question about whether free trade is beneficial or domestic market driven economies are good. My opinion is that we should go by the theory of comparative utility and thus let firms invest abroad and complete the cycle of investments from those countries flowing back home and creating jobs. Thus, the cyclic view of trade and inflows and outflows must be taken into account while making a finality regarding investing abroad or domestically.Q2) Any multilateral trading agreement would benefit the world economy in the longer term. What one country is good at and what another is good at and hence barter or exchange has been the underpinning of the world economy and thus free trade and multilateral trade agreements benefit everyone in the longer run. As for

ART WORLD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ART WORLD - Essay ExampleFinancial and cultural capital is primary(prenominal) for a city in order to have an graphics market and the above mentioned cities have it in abundance. The United States of America has over 50% of sales when it comes to contemporary art market and this is an impressive count on considering the fact that there ar other major players in the art market. There has been a recent influx of young buyers in the art market and this has brought about significant changes. It is good for the economy because a lot of money has been pumped by these young buyers into the art market. The art world is structured as an interdependent network of social-economic actors who cooperate--often contentiously or unknowingly--to enact and perpetuate the art world, while at the same meter negotiating kinds and levels of cooperation in a mutually understood cargonerist and competitive context. ( machination Economics) Dealers and galleries play a pivotal role in displaying the art works to prospective buyers, without these display art galleries it would be hard for buyers to see and get what they want. auction bridge houses also play a key role in displaying art work to prospective buyers. In addition to this there argon art consultants and advisors who bridge the gap between sellers and potential buyers of art work. Art fairs are also macrocosm organized on a regular basis to attract much buyers interested in buying contemporary art work. The economy of the art world is being touched because more and more thieves are trying to get their hands on valuable works of humanities so that they can sell it and fill good money on these contemporary art works. It is a win win situation for the thieves because most valuable pieces of art weigh only a a few(prenominal) pounds and they are sold for millions of sawhorses in the market. It is in truth easy to transport such expensive works of art because thieves usually steal art works that are easy to carry and tr ansport hence, it is a very trivial job for them to get it transported. In the year 2011 artworks worth $1 billion were recovered from a home in Munich, Germany. These art works were believed to have stolen by the Nazis through the end of World fight II. It has become a very paying(a) business for thieves, there is no investment required and the returns are unbelievable this is precisely why more and more cases of burglary of these art works has been reported in the hold out few years. Stolen artwork fetches a lot of money and it is well over a billion dollar industry. This practice is illegal and also highly unethical, but people still involve themselves in this lucrative trade because there is easy money to be made. It promotes corruption in society, in addition to this illustrious paintings fetch a lot of money and this is precisely why many people eye these celebrated paintings and when an opportunity presents itself they steal it and sell it on to make a nice rapid buck. T here are two categories of people who steal these famous painting in an endeavor to make a quick buck. The first is called the naif. A naif typically steals a painting but after sometime upon being unable to sell it, a naif realizes that the work of art has become extremely burdensome because of their unfitness to sell it and the same results in the work of art becoming worthless at least to the person who has stolen it. The second category represents sophisticated criminals who do not think like typical naifs. They understand and revalue the worth of stolen art work and come up with appropriate strategies to sell it and in the process make good money. The FBI each year reports that several high-profile paintings go missing and they also understand and realize that these high-profile paintings are being sold and the stolen artwork industry is thriving because of the same.

Ultimate Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

supreme Project - Essay ExampleCivil brooks, on the other hand, ar concerned with the study of unrestricted infrastructure such as roads, bridges and ports. In a social organization project, members of a group divide themselves into design, financial advisors and legal teams. The three groups must work together to achieve results in the bend projects. When a construction project is taken seriously, and all its recommendations followed, it can lead to substantial achievements. A construction project is, therefore, a strong basis in the foundation of building construction. The following sessions were assistive in the course, and they atomic number 18 listed in line with their importance. In the above classifications, session one to eight had greater impacts on the construction project than the others. Introduction to Project Management The main topics, to begin with section four, are co-operation and togetherness. Co-operation entails offering tending and having the willingne ss to assist in situations where possible (Taylor 45). When people work together, their productivity is increased. This is due to the belief that there is vividness in numbers. Togetherness refers to the act of keeping closeness towards each other (Muller 43). Togetherness entails being united and acting as a group to boost levels of understanding. Some of the most essential aspects of this quality are in unlocking barriers that immobilise teamwork. The importance of cooperation and togetherness cannot be underestimated under any circumstance. This sessions topic bears great relevance to the construction project. In a construction project, a lot of concentration is demanded. The group members need to come up with new techniques that are transformative in the construction sector. Members need should have a clear mind so as to note minor sensitive issue and discuss them effectively. This requires full concentration and cooperation. In these types of projects, either members contrib ution counts. Introduction to Finance In session five, focus and patience are the main topics. Patience refers to a virtue that enables people to wait for something to happen without hesitation. When a group is working(a) on a project, they expect quality results out of the project. An excellent project requires a lot of quantify since the members have to execute conclusive and elusive research to determine facts. The members need to be patient in order to discover good results. Patience plays a substantial role in determining the succeeder of any activity. Patience must be advocated every time since it carries the secret to success (Taylor 24). In our everyday lives, we encounter a lot. Sometimes we are faced with situations that are hard to manage, but we still name the right choices. When a person encounters something that is not clear to them, how they react to it matters a lot. When they analyze the situation, they can recollect ways of solving the problem (Taylor 4). The same scenario is faced by people who are handling a project. Construction project relates deeply to these virtues. When members are conducting research and trying to come up with meaningful ideas, they are faced with a lot of challenges that might makethem lose their patience. Members have to search deep into books to find cabalistic information that will assist then in perfecting their projects. Patience and focus, in this case, will give them perseverance. contrast Development Business Developm

Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

furrow Development - Essay ExampleBy acquisition these very basic steps, running our own business and developing it can be both elicit and rewarding. It is our ability in developing and implementing strategies effectively that will avert stressful and unpredictable situations in business.It is a truth that the sandwich business is a rapidly growing segment of the fast-food industry as show by the issue of various brands across the globe. (Emerald MangementXtra). Hence, there is opportunity to every player in the market, and background signal for improvement.The decision to develop products and services can mark the beginning of an extremely difficult process for umpteen businesses. In item, new product development is often considered to be the cornerstone for building any thriving business. With come forth it, businesses tend to stagnate, and then eventually decline. This is particularly true for small scale businesses. It is a proven fact that products and services you are o ffering will serve as the catalyst that drives your business to higher levels of success. Business development should never be a long and costly endeavor.Objectives of any enterprise is to establish its laughable presence in the related business activity, make, develop and surge ahead, by being dynamic and growth oriented, through planning. Planning is the backbone of any business venture be it a small sandwich shop or a multi national organization. A step by step plan is the vegetable marrow requirement for developmental process, along with proper resource and budget allocation.This step is detrimental to the organization to sustain and develop further in the market. A SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis need to be carried out to identify our established strengths related to the products/services offered by the establishment, our competitive edge, existing and target customers, their expectation, sales and merchandising strategies, pricing, an effective ma rketing plan,

Power Electronics Intensive Solutions Essay Example for Free

force play electronics Intensive Solutions EssayAbstractT here(predicate) is a clear impulsion in the self-propelled persistence to purpose ofttimes electric car caral governances in order to con word form to the ever-growing ve-hicular load use ups. Thus, it is irresponsible that automotive elec-trical cause outlines leave alone obviously undergo a drastic change in the adjoining 1020 years. Currently, the situation in the automotive in-dustry is such that the demands for exalteder evoke economy and more electric federal agency be driving groundbreaking vehicular condition clay volt-ages to laster takes. For example, the intercommunicate increase in total office staff demand is estimated to be about three to four time that of the current value. This means that the total succeeding(a) part de-mand of a typical go fomite could virtually reach a value as mellowed as 10 kW. In order to satisfy this huge vehicular load, the ap-proach is to integrat e post electronics intensive solutions within advanced vehicular business leader placements. In sketch of this fact, this paper aims at reviewing the present situation as vigorous as projected prospective search and education work of advanced vehicular electric motive administrations including those of electric, crossbreeding electric, and evoke cellular telephone fomites (EVs, HEVs, and FCVs).The paper allow first introduce the proposed force out system computer architectures for HEVs and FCVs and exit then go on to exhaustively discuss the specific applications of dc/dc and dc/ac great exponent electronic converters in advanced automo-tive power systems. Index TermsElectric propulsion, electric vehicles (EVs), raise cell vehicles (FCVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), internal com-bustion railway locomotives, move tugs, power converters, semiconductor devices. I. INTRODUCTION.BY THE time the commercialization of the next-generation car comes around, advanc ed power electronics and locomote aims exit have already established themselves as prime compo-nents of advanced vehicular drive trains. Advanced power elec-tronic converters and bobby pin motor drives will be responsible for a major go against of the vehicles force usage. As of now, the automotive market is reconstruct rapid developments in sequel of the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).Commercially available HEVs include the Toyota Prius, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Lexus RX cd h, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Accord Hybrid, and crossing Escape Hybrid. In the case of prospective HEVs, power electronic converters and associated motor drives, which control the flow of electrical energy within the HEV power system, promise to be the keys to making HEVs more give the axe cost-effective and despatch lower harmful pollutants. Manuscript real March 15, 2005 revised October 26, 2005.Recom-mended by Associate Editor J. Shen. The authors argon wit h Electric Power and Power Electronics Center, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616-3793 USA (e-mail emailprotected edu). Digital Object Identifier 10. 1109/TPEL. 2006. 872378 As is well known, in the first half of the past century, the 6-V electrical system in machines served the purpose of ignition, cranking, and a full-blooded few smartnessing slews 15. Since then, there has been a constant rise in vehicular power requirement.Performance laden, such as electric steering, that were tradition-ally operate by mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic systems, are now change magnitudely macrocosm replaced by the electrically driven systems, in order to increase the performance and efficiency of operation. Furthermore, highlife loads have too increased over time, imposing a higher(prenominal) demand of electrical power 3. It moldiness be pointed out here that the rate of increase of automotive loads is put on to be about 4% per year. Thus, such load demands have resulted in the need to scale up the onboard vehicular power level.Considering these aspects, several decades ago, the electromotive force was raised from its earlier 6-V level to the present day 12-V level and, now with an ever-in-creasing demand forecasted into the future, there is a need to switch over to much higher authorityity levels of 42 V, three hundred V, or higher, as the case may be 35. Due to the high potentiality levels being produced in HEVs, it becomes essential to have dc/dc converters to supply all the auxiliary loads on board the vehicle. Although the dc/dc converter technology is well devel-oped for low-power applications at lower cost, much work needs to be through with(p) for high-power applications.It is an immense chal-lenge to meet all the vehicle standards for electromagnetic in-terference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) as well as specifications of reliability and packaging 4, 5. In ad-dition, power electronic converters in like manner dictate how and when fuel/electricity is employ in HEVs. A suitable dc/ac inverter draws dc power from the batteries to drive the electric traction motor, which in turn supplys power to the wheels. The dc/ac inverter in humanitarian performs the function of recharging the batteries during re-generative braking in HEVs.Based on this fundamental background, proving the criticality of power electronics for HEV applications, this paper will re-view the place of power electronics and compare the associated advanced power system architectures for HEV as well as electric vehicle (EV) and fuel cell vehicle (FCV) applications. The var-ious design issues for power electronics intensive HEV and FCV power systems and the current and future trends will be high-lighted. In addition, the proposed 42-V PowerNet is also focused upon, emphasizing on the description of its key capabilities and requirements.Furthermore, the paper will also discuss the mild hybrid vehicle, wherein the major opport unities for automotive power electronics are outlined. Finally, few system-level issues 0885-8993/$20. 00 2006 IEEE 568IEEE proceeding ON violence ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, zero(prenominal) 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 1. Conventional 14-V dc power system architecture. that drive the congenator power electronics size and cost functions will also be addressed. II. CONVENTIONAL AUTOMOTIVE forcefulness SYSTEMS AND Fig. 2. emblematic representation of the more electric hybrid vehicle power system CONCEPT OF MORE voltaic VEHICLES (MEV) architecture. During the mid 1950s, the automotive persistence decided to opt for 12-V electrical power systems for vehicles, since the then popular 6-V system was rapidly becoming plagued by the and rear-wheel steering, which will be driven electrically in the increasing vehicular load demands. The stamp stamp barrage fire became a six- future. cell module instead of three cells, at approximately the alike(p) As is well documented in related litera ture, around of the fu- energy rating. The electrical system demand had risen from the ture advanced electric loads require power electronic controls. 100 W of the early(a) 1900s to typically about 1 kW by the 1990s, In advanced future vehicles, power electronics is forecasted to as more and more electrically powered devices were installed perform three major tasks. First task is unsophisticated on/off replacement 68. of loads, which is performed by mechanical switches and relays The formal electrical system in an automobile can in constituted cars 7. The second task is to act as a suitable essentially be divided into the architectural elements of energy controller for electric traction motors.Finally, power electronics storage, generation, offset, and distribution. The distribution intensive power systems will not scarcely be used for the obvious system of a conventional 14-V power system satisfies vehicular task of changing system voltage levels, but also for con verting loads such as, interior/exterior lighting, electric motor driven electrical power from one form to an new(prenominal), using dc/dc, dc/ac, fans/pumps/compressors, and instrumentation subsystems 6. and ac/dc converters. A simple rendition of the conventional 14-V electric power As mentioned earlier, collectable to the ever-increasing electrical system architecture is shown in Fig. 1. loads, the automotive industry is opting for more electric power As is clear from Fig. 1, the conventional power system ar- systems. Due to this, MEVs will need highly reliable and fault- rangement has a single 14-V dc voltage level, with the vehic- tolerant electrical power systems to deliver high quality power ular loads being controlled by manual switches and relays. As from the offset to the electrical loads.It is extremely important mentioned earlier, the present average power demand in an au- that the voltage level/form in which power is distributed be taken tomobile is approxi mately 1 kW. The voltage in a 14-V system care of. A higher voltage will reduce the weight and volume rattling varies surrounded by 9 and 16 V at the battery terminals, de- of the wiring harness, among several other proceedss 7, 8. pending on the alternator outfit current, battery age, state of Fig. 2 shows the concept of a future hybrid MEV, making use orient, and variant other minor factors 6, 7.This results in of high voltage (300 V) automotive power system architecture. overrating the loads at nominal system voltage. In addition to Currently, the proposed MEVs are at a transitional stage, in- these disadvantages, the present 14-V system cannot handle fu- volving contrasting systems voltage levels 8. It is expected that ture electrical loads to be introduced in the more electric envi- the future MEV power systems will most likely be comprised of ronment of the future cars, as it would be expensive and ineffi- a single main voltage bus (high voltage) with a cooker y for hy- cient to do so. brid (dc and ac), multivoltage level distribution and intelligent In more electric vehicles (MEVs), there is a trend toward energy and load jazzment. expanding electrical loads and replacement of mechanical and hydraulic systems with more electrical systems. These III. go DRIVE TRAIN ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC, loads include lights, pumps, fans, and electric motors for var- HYBRID ELECTRIC, AND FUEL CELL VEHICLES ious functions.In addition, they also include nigh advanced, electrically assisted vehicular loads, such as power steering, This section introduces the various drive train arrangements air conditioner/compressor, electromechanical valve control, of everlasting(a) battery electric vehicles (EV), serial/ replicate/serial publication-par- ready suspension/vehicle dynamics, and catalytic converter allel/complex HEV drive trains, and pure FCV/hybrid FCV 6. Furthermore, additional advanced vehicular loads include, drive trains. Base d on the review done in this section, the anti-lock braking, throttle actuation, ride-height adjustment, turn out sections will focus on the power electronics intensive .EMADI et al. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS 569 Fig. 3. Topological arrangement for an electric vehicle (EV) drive train. power system architectures for these advanced drive train arrangements. A. Battery Electric Vehicle (EV) political campaign Train Topology A purely electric drive system principally replaces the internal burn engine (ICE) and the various transmis-sion systems with an all-electric system. As is well known, rechargeable chemical batteries are the traditional option as en-ergy sources for EVs.But they tend to be heavy and expensive to replace over their limited lifetimes. In addition to traditional batteries like leadacid, nickel metalhydride (NiMH), and nickelcadmium (NiCd), there are advanced technologies like lithiumpolymer (Li-polymer) and lithiumion (Liion) bat-teries. Despite the p opularity that these advanced batteries have gained for portable electronic applications, they havent quite maintained the same reputation for use in EVs. Most functional EVs still use lead-acid batteries, with the more sophisticated ones using NiMH batteries 8, 9.A basic overview of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is as shown in Fig. 3. More recently, the automotive industry is cutting back on EV production, and has stated HEVs and FCVs to be the future of advanced vehicle technologies. This is because BEVs cost sig-nificantly more than gasoline vehicles, due to the fact that EV battery modules are currently being produced in very small vol-umes 911. Higher vehicle prices are dampenially offset by the fact that fuel costs for battery electrics are about tercet those of a gasoline-powered vehicle.In addition, BEVs have fewer moving parts than gasoline cars, and hence, require less mainte-nance. The future of battery EVs is somewhat uncertain at this time, but their development h as already made important contri-butions to move electric drive train and storage technolo-gies needed by both HEVs as well as FCVs 10, 11. If further breakthroughs in battery technologies occur, BEVs could yet prove to be the future of clean transportation. B. Series HEV incur Train Topology A series hybrid vehicle is basically an electric vehicle with an on-board battery charger.An ICE is generally run at an optimal efficiency point to drive the generator and charge the propul-sion batteries on-board the vehicle, as shown in Fig. 4. When the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is at a predetermined minimum, the ICE is glum on to charge the battery 1215. The ICE turns off again when the battery has reached a desir-able uttermost SOC. The engine/generator set maintains the battery charge around 65%75%. It must be famed that, in a se- Fig. 4. Typical layout of a series HEV drive train. Fig. 5. Schematic of a parallel HEV drive train contour line.ries HEV, there is no mechanica l connection between the ICE and the chassis. The advantage with the series HEV configuration is that the ICE is running mostly at its optimal compounding of speed and torque, thereby, having a low fuel phthisis and high effi-ciency. However, there are both energy conversion stages during the transformation of the energy between the ICE and the wheels (ICE/generator and generator/motor) 16, 17. Some energy is lost because of the two-stage power conversion process. A se-ries hybrid vehicle is more applicable in city driving.C. Parallel HEV Drive Train Topology A hybrid vehicle with the parallel configuration has both the ICE and the traction motor mechanically committed to the trans-mission. A schematic figure of the parallel hybrid is shown in Fig. 5. The vehicle can be driven with the ICE, or the electric motor, or both at the same time and, therefore, it is executable to choose the combination freely to feed the required amount of torque at any given time 1820. In parallel HEV , there are many ways to configure the use of the ICE and the traction motor.The most widely used strategy is to use the motor alone at low speeds, since it is more efficient than the ICE, and then let the ICE work alone at higher speeds. When only the ICE is in use, the traction motor can function as a generator and charge the battery. A parallel HEV can also have a continuously variable transmission (CVT) instead of a decided step transmission 19, 20. With this technique, it is pos-sible to choose the most efficient run points for the ICE 570IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 6. Typical drive train configuration of a series-parallel combined HEV.Fig. 7. Schematic of a complex HEV drive train. at given torque demands freely and continuously. The result is lower fuel consumption due to the inherently more efficient fuel usage. Energy is also saved due to regenerative braking. The advantage with the parallel HEV configuration is that there are few er energy conversion stages compared to the se-ries HEV and, therefore, a lesser part of the energy is lost 19. In fact, the parallel HEV drive train depicts fairly lower losses compared to other HEV topologies and, hence, has a compara-tively higher overall drive train efficiency.D. Series-Parallel HEV Drive Train Topology The series-parallel HEV is a combination of the series and parallel hybrids. There is an additional mechanical link between the generator and the electric motor, compared to the series con-figuration, and an additional generator compared to the parallel hybrid, as shown in Fig. 6. With this design, it is possible to com-bine the advantages of both the series and parallel HEV config-urations 20. It must be highlighted here that the series-parallel HEV is also relatively more complicated and expensive.There are many possible combinations of the ICE and traction motor. Two major classifications can be identified as electric-in-tensive and engine-intensive. The elect ric-intensive series-par-allel HEV configuration indicates that the electric motor is more active than the ICE for propulsion, whereas, in the engine-inten-sive case, the ICE is more active 20, 21. A uncouth opera-tive characteristic for both types of series-parallel HEV systems is that the electric motor is used alone at start with ICE move off. During normal driving, the ICE alone propels the vehicle in the engine-intensive case.On the other hand, the ICE and electric motor propel the vehicle in the electric-intensive case 20. When acceleration is needed, the electric traction motor is used in combination with the ICE to give extra power in both of the configurations. During braking or deceleration, the trac-tion motor is used as a generator to charge the battery and, in stand still, the ICE can keep on to run and drive the generator to charge the battery, if needed. other form of series-hybrid configuration is shown in Fig. 7, which is a power split HEV topology.This topology includes a planetary gearbox, which connects the ICE, traction motor, and generator. Varying the speed from the two planetary gear pinions, connected to the electric motor and the generator, can control the ICE speed. When the ICE turns off, the vehicle is propelled in the pure electric mode. However, at most of the operating points, the energy flows in a similar fashion to each that of a parallel HEV or to that of a series HEV. In parallel HEV mode, energy flows from ICE via the gearbox to the wheels, whereas, in the series HEV mode of operation, the energy flows from generator and motor to the wheels 21.The proportion between these two energy flows depends on the overall vehicle speed. Under most operating conditions, this configuration is a combination of series and parallel hybrid vehicle. It is also possible to operate this in parallel mode for some operating conditions. wholeness of the motivating factors for use of the power split HEV topology is to increase the vehicle power ability for a given transmission. This in turn enables the usage of continuously variable transmission concept for light duty HEV propulsion ap-plications, such as pick up trucks and small buses. E. FCV Drive Train Topology.The potential for superior efficiency and zero (or near zero) emissions has long attracted interest to fuel cells as the potential automotive engine of the future. However, systematic efforts to realize the efficiency and emissions benefits of fuel cells in the transportation sector have materialized only in the last 10 years. The overall goal of ongoing fuel cell research and development programs is to develop a fuel cell engine that will give vehicles the range of conventional cars, time attaining environmental benefits comparable to those of battery-powered electric vehi-cles.Although the technology is currently quite expensive, fuel cells offer benefits including high overall efficiency and quiet operation due to few moving parts. A typical fuel cell based propulsion system is shown in Fig. 8. The hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline, natural gas, methanol, or ethanol is first reformed to deem the required hydrogen using a reformer (or fuel processor) 22. This hydrogen rich gas from the reformer is fed to the anode of the fuel cell. It is also possible to store the on-board the vehicle using a pressurized cylinder, instead of using the reformer for con-verting the fuel to -rich gas.The oxygen (or air) is fed in to the cathode fuel cell. Depending on the fuel cell stack configu-ration, and the flow of hydrogen and oxygen, the fuel cell stack produces the dc output voltage 22, 23. The fuel cell stack EMADI et al. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS 571 Fig. 8. Typical topological arrangement of a hybrid fuel cell vehicle drive train. output is fed to the power conditioner (power electronic con-verter) to obtain the required output voltage and current. Ide-ally, the power conditioner must have minimal losses leading to a higher ef ficiency. Power conditioning efficiencies can typ-ically be higher than 90% 24.IV. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE POWER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES FOR HEVS A. Advanced Electrical Features in Future HEV Technologies As mentioned earlier, there is a trend in the automotive in-dustry to replace more engine driven mechanical and hydraulic loads with electrical loads, due to higher efficiency, safety re-quirements, and drivers comfort. All of these new functions re-quire the application of power electronics. In most of the cases, the cost of the power electronics dominates the argument of in-troducing such functions. Many of these functions will only ap-pear in concept vehicles in the projected future.Some of these include luxury loads, such as information and entertainment that have received lots of hype recently. The other class of features is -by wire, where stands for an advanced function such as, steer or brake. Another class of advanced electrical features includes power steering pump, el ectric ac-tive suspension system, electromechanical valve control, elec-trically heated catalytic converter, air-conditioning systems, and water/oil/fuel pumps 25. There are also other loads such as throttle actuation, ride-height adjustment, rear-wheel steering, which are proposed to be driven electrically in the future. Fig.9 depicts a summary of some of the future electrical features auto-motive power systems. It is virtually mandatory that most of the proposed future electric loads will indeed require power elec-tronic controls of some sort. B. Advanced HEV Topology Using ISA System In view of research and development work for MEVs, it must be pointed out that one of the leading breakthroughs in the au-tomotive industry is the introduction of the integrated starter-generator (ISG) system for mild HEVs 26. The ISG is pri-marily an electric machine with a rotor instead of a flywheel mounted on the crankshaft between the ICE and transmission.A schematic diagram of an ISG system use d in conjunction with a high-voltage vehicular power system is shown in Fig. 10. The Fig. 9. Future electrical features in more electric vehicle power systems. Fig. 10. Integrated starter-alternator (ISA) based HEV drive train. ISG supplys the functions of an electric starter and an alternator 26, 27. By using suitable advanced power electronic con-verter systems, it is possible for the ISG to compensate the drive train oscillations to provide more comfort. The power electronic converter system controls the ISG operating state, depending on the load status and the battery charge status.Improved fuel economy and reduced emissions are two prime advantages of an ISG system. Using a start/stop cycle, the ICE is turned off during deceleration or after the vehicle comes to a complete stop. The ISG can be used to propel the vehicle from a stop condition (and/or at a set speed), to restart the ICE. The ISG will also be able to route power produced by regenerative braking into the energy st orage devices (batteries or ultra-capac-itors) 26, 27. It can also be used to provide power enhance-ment, when taking off from a stop, or in added acceleration for passing. C.42-V/12-V Dual-Voltage Vehicular Electrical Systems The 42-V/12-V dual-voltage architecture is being popularly touted as one of the solutions for the ever-increasing in-vehicle load demand. The operating voltage criteria being considered for 42-V systems are shown in Fig. 11. The maximum dynamic over voltage is limited to 58 V, including the transient voltages 572IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MAY 2006 Fig. 11. Typical operating voltage criteria for 42-V HEV power systems. Fig. 13. Schematic of a dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using one battery.Fig. 12. Schematic of a dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using two batteries. 28. In this case, the system charging voltage is set at 42 V. The inherent electrical system in the vehicle is run at a nominal value of 42 V, when ever the engine is running. Some of the advantages of such a system include, high efficiency and performance, less expensive usable procedures, reduced total installed power due to the integration of the mechanical and hydraulic power into the electrical power system, and reduction in the overall design complexity.The transition to an entirely 42-V dominated architecture cannot be done immediately. Therefore, it is assumed that a dual voltage automotive power system will exist at least for a while. There are various ways to implement a power electronics intensive dual voltage power system. The schematic used in Fig. 12 illustrates a dual (42 V14 V) battery system. Fig. 13 shows a schematic using only one single 42-V battery, and Fig. 14 illustrates a structure in which the dual voltage is generated by a single alternator, which has two output voltages.In the dual battery system, the first (36-V) battery is optimized for high power delivery, while the second (12-V) battery is optimi zed for low powers to support key-off loads plus hazard lamp operation 28, 29. In other words, in this structure, the starting function will be isolated from the storage function required for key-off loads. This architecture provides oppor-tunities to improve vivacious high power loads by moving them to the 42-V side. It also minimizes changes to existing 14-V features, like lighting loads.However, this system has two batteries, which when com-pared with todays one 14-V battery, implies more cost, weight, and packaging space. The other new component in this system is Fig. 14. Schematic of a dual stator dual voltage (14 V and 42 V) architecture using two batteries. the 42-V/14-V dc/dc converter. The overall cost of power elec-tronics is still considered too high for automotive applications. However, power electronic converters are capable of providing seamless energy transfer between two energy storage batteries and help improve reliability of some critical vehicular functions, whic h require a backup battery.In contrast, the single battery schematic of Fig. 13 is based on the desire to subjugate cost, weight, and packaging problems cre-ated by the additional battery. The idea is that the power man-agement system should be smart enough to manage the key-off loads from depleting the high-voltage battery to the point that the vehicle cannot be started 29. It is critical to point out here that this architecture also uses a bidirectional dc/dc converter be-tween the 42-V and 14-V buses. The schematic shown in Fig. 14 uses a more complicated alternator, with two sets of stator wind-ings, to provide power separately to the 42-V and 14-V buses.In this structure, again, high power loads are connected to the 42-V bus and the 14-V bus supplies low-power electrical mod-ules 29. In addition to the above-described architectures, there exist many other strategies and variations of dual-voltage automo-tive power systems. The auto industry at this point is stagnant with regar ds to selecting let dual-voltage MEV archi-tectures. One of the main focal points of research in selecting EMADI et al. POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE SOLUTIONS a suitable MEV system is to determine which options provide the best economic value to possible customers.The other major concerns with the introduction of 42-V power systems are phys-ical and practical viability aspects, such as arc faults and ensuing fire hazards. These and various other practical issues are dis-cussed in the following section. 1) Practical Issues Related to 42-V Automotive Power Sys-tems As is apparent, by increasing the present 14-V network to 42-V, significant component and system changes within the vehicle will be necessitated. One of the major motives for this change is because of the nature of faults and their subsequent consequences, due to the higher current carrying wires in a 42-V automotive power system environment.It is obvious that the ten-dency is to produce longer arc faults, which have to be addressed to provide automotive safety. Wires that are semi-cut or scraped, in all probability, cause longer arc faults at higher system volt-ages. Furthermore, various research issues also arise from the point of view of vehicular power electronics and motor drives. For example, by reducing the mild HEV power system operating voltage (from 150 V/300 V to 42 V), the required current to pro-vide the necessary power increases. Thus, this corresponds to the entire winding of the electric traction machine to be restruc-tured.Issues such as heat transfer and protection also require a detailed investigation before the 42-V architecture becomes practicable in the auto industry. On the other hand, power electronic switches in 42-V sys-tems may be required to handle RMS currents in the proximity of about 400 to 500 amps/phase 29. Currently, in order to switch such high profile currents, parallel-operated power electronic switches are being proposed, since using single-level switches is high ly uneconomical. Recently, advanced MOSFET switches have been introduced for use with prototype 42-V automotive power systems.Trench IGBTs have also made noteworthy progress from the point of view of providing 42-V architectural solutions, wherein the research focus is mainly on solving reliability and short-circuit current capability issues. D. Power Electronics Solutions for HEVs Power electronics is an enabling technology for next genera-tion of vehicles, which should be cleaner, smarter, more minute, more efficient, and more flexible. In the past decades, power electronic devices were avoided mainly because of their cost issues.The reasons for increased interest in automotive power electronics can be separated into the ensuing sections. 1) New Architectures By increasing new electrical loads, cost and complexity of the system is on the increase. Such archi-tectures need new switching and reliability features. Power elec-tronics makes the possibility of integrating switching and fusing functions into one component with higher reliability. Possibility of implementing different control methods on power electronic systems is another(prenominal) reason to go away from relay switching.Also, by implementing integrated sensing techniques in power elec-tronic devices, diagnosing and fault detection becomes easier to implement. Furthermore, development of clean and energy effi-cient vehicles in future vehicle technologies such as EVs, HEVs, 573 and FCVs is not possible without implementing new architec-tures, which are available using power electronics. 2) Power Conversion on Demand Most of the auxiliary drives in vehicles are designed for worst-case scenarios. Power electronics and motor drive topologies make it easier to have higher efficiency by providing adjustable speed drives.Es-pecially, engine-cooling fans have been designed recently, implementing power electronic controls and adjustable speed drives. 3) Voltage Conversion on Demand Different components in vehicles need different levels of voltages. Different voltage levels in dual-voltage architecture are available using power electronic converters. induction or synchronous machines need ac voltages with high power for propulsion, and small motors for fans and pumps require ac voltage with low power 30, 31.Converting dc-to-ac voltages and dc-to-dc voltages with different voltage levels is not possible without using power elec-tronic converters. 4) Precise Electronic Control Engine controls such as igni-tion or fuel injection need precise clock and dynamic control of actuators. Fuel injectors should work on very high pressure with more precise opening time. Engine developers are working on systems to replace the camshaft with electronically controlled variable valves, promising up to 25% more fuel economy. These controls cannot be imagined without the use of power elec-tronics. 5.

Status of Women in India Essay Example for Free

Status of Women in India Essayin indiaWhen iodin boy is educated, one person ordain be wise. When one girl is educated entire family will be wise. This is famous quote by girl education pioneer Mahatma Phule. This underlines the importance women in hostelry. From the time of independence our constitution concent considerd to give enough right for women. But the problem is that women atomic number 18 veneer many problems in this modern age of gender equality. The structure of Indian society is different and laughable than any other. Indian society believes in epics standardised Ramayana and Mahabharata more than anything else. Society wants that a cleaning woman should be like Sita the ideal Indian woman, who surrendered all her desires and followed Rama to the forest. Girls are brought up to follow the footsteps of Sita. In todays modern world this expectation continues.A woman should go for work, earn money and must do house hold works also. Society expects that a woma n should be like superwoman who can do every(prenominal)thing. This is goodly injustice for women. From the time of independence we as nation tried to create a society where women acquit equal rights as men. Our constitution, Government worked sincerely in that way. The Laws like The Hindu Marriage incite (1955), The Hindu Succession Act (1956), The Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), The Maternity Benefit Act (1961), The equate Remuneration Act (1976), The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) act upon (1986) have paved the way for bringing almost major positive changes in the lives of women. Despite of such constitutional weapons women are facing lot of problems like1) FeticideFeticide is the largest problem for todays society. As technology developed, people are apply it to kill girl fetus. Feticide is todays biggest problem Indian society. Till 2001, there are only 933 young-bearing(prenominal) births per gram male birth. This is dangerous situation for the balance of society. In spite of act against girl child abortion people are finding escape for abortion. As of March 2001, the female nation stands at 495.4 million out of total 1,028 million Indian populations. Thus, in the present population of 1.03 billion, there ought to be 528 million women. Instead, estimates show only 496 million women in the population today.This implies that there are some 32 million missing women in India. Some are never born, and the rest locomote because they do not have the opportunity to survive. Sex-ratio (number of female per 1,000 male) is an important indicator of womens status in the society. In 1901 there were 972 females per 1,000 males, while by 1971 the ratio has come down to 930 females per 1,000 males. In 1981 there has been only a nominal increase in the female sex ratio within 934 females to 1,000 males. There were only 926 females per universal gravitational constant males in India according to 1991 census.The 2001 census indicate that the tren d has been slightly arrested with the sex ratio at 933 females per 1000 males, with Kerala at 1058 females. The sex ratio of the 0-6 age group has declined sharply from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001. According to UNFPA fix of world population 2005, Punjab (793), Haryana (820), Delhi (865), Gujarat (878) and Himachal Pradesh (897) have worst child sex ratio. Facing this problem is not blue at all. We have to make families aware about the importance of girl child for the balance of society.2) badgeringHarassment is the common in country like India. Probably it is for the reason of Dowry. Police records for the country as a whole show that a woman is molested every 26 minutes. A rape occurs every 34 minutes. Every 42 minutes, an incident of sexual harassment takes place. A woman is kidnapped every 43 minutes. And every 93 minutes, a woman is killed. When a woman is harassed she doesnt come for the indisposition against it due to fear. She fears the disgrace in society and shuts her mou th. We have to provide fear free environment, so that a woman come for complaint and demand justice.3) Lack of Health AwarenessAs mother, family care taker a woman always ignores her own health and concentrates on the family health. This is age long habit of traditional Indian woman. As individual she must break this. Government as well as social welt fare communities must arrange proper health education and cheap health facilities for woman.4)Woman LiteracyIn 2001 the total literacy rate in India is 65.8. The woman literacy rate is 54.16 while male literacy rate is 75% this shows that woman literacy rate is low, In spite of many schemes for girl education. We have to make minds of girl child parent to emit them school.These are the random problems and many are under curtains. The one perfect remedy is the proper performance of laws and schemes for woman. Though significant improvements are have taken in the position of woman in the 50 years following independence, women continue to suffer from the problems like violence, illiteracy and ill health Together we have to work in the way of gender equality, woman wale fare so that a woman can live proudly as human being and not as servant nor as goddess.

Life as a Mom Essay Example for Free

brio as a Mom EssayAlthough the media depict most women as brookwives and stay-at-home mothers, in worldly concern many women depart copious while and put their children in dayc argon. Stay at home mammary glands and work moms have their own advantages and disadvantages. However, a stay at home mom is able to give greater attention to the family while running(a) moms are able to provide financial stability although they are not able to ascertain(p) greater care to their children.I experienced both, being at home and working outside the home. I person in ally believe having my husband and me working has made my family happier. According to a new-made study by the American Psychological Association of over 1,300 moms the happiest moms are, perhaps unsurprisingly, those who work part-time (Bindley 1). equivalence and contrasting being a stay at home mom vs. a working mom along with the modern economic and social reality has led to the emergence of various social changes and whiz such social change is the emergences of two kinds of mothers namely stay at home mothers and working mothers (Bindley 1).In this essay, an attempt is made to study the similarities and differences between the working mothers and stay at home mothers too the status stay at home moms refers to those mothers who do not work outside their homes. They prefer to stay at home. This is due to their care for their children and family, also these stay at home moms before they became mothers were working women. Gradually on that point is transition of working women to becoming stay at home moms. However, after they became mothers, it was really difficult to distinguish both house and work. Consequently, they decide to quit their jobs and stayed at home for the sake of their family. Leaving the financial emphasize on their husbands.Stay at home moms usually enjoy their status as being house wives and do not crib at the fact that they are staying at home. The children of such st ay at home moms are also happy that their mom is staying with them.In the modern society this is a very difficult decision for the mother to leave her job as it put stress on families financially. olibanum only when single income parents could manage with their limited income, the mothers could leave their jobs. Currently thither are many work at home jobs which are tailor made to serve the stay at home moms so that they also could obtain superfluous income and they could make use of their spare time. These jobs are usually telecommuting in nature which means that mothers are not expected to go their work place (Bindley 1).As for why they might be happier, the authors theorized, a mothers participation in employment provides her with support and resources that a mother who spends full time at home does not receive. (Bindley 1)The main advantage with stay at home moms is that they are able to move out perfect care of their family. The main disadvantage with this system is that suc h families need to depend on single income which then can put a crowd of strain on a relationship between husband and wife.As I grew up my mom was a single parent, until I turned 13 when she met my step-father Grant. She worked, went to nursing school full time, and still managed to commence time to make it to all of my sporting games. She also was gone a lot too. This then made me have to raise myself a little bit. My mom never let me go without I always had what I needed when I needed it. I always said that when I was a parent someday, that I would make sure I could provide for them like she did for me.There is nothing I would change about how I did things when you were a child I made sure you had everything you needed. (Shumaker) Things did get much easier when I met Grant and we put our funds together. (Shumaker). Now as an adult not only do I make sure my children are taken care of day and night, I also attend school, work part-time, and I find time to spend with my husban d. Having a husband is such a big help. Not only for our family financially, but also for my children to have a father, and he helps do things for them when Im not able to.I was a stay at home mom at one point in my life with our oldest lady friend when she was a newborn. It was nice, although I felt like I had no adult fundamental interaction. I feel that interaction with other adults is critical to say sane. I never felt pretty because I was always wearing sweatpants, and no make-up. Even if I went out to do grocery shopping and run errands it wasnt generous adult interaction. Because my husband worked all day he wanted to get things done most the house, and I wanted him to watch the kids so I could go do something by myself. We also didnt have enough money to do anything, he solely paid the bills. That put a lot of stress on our relationship. I would want to go out to dinner, but we didnt have the extra money.I realized quickly how much more important it was to work. I know tha t being there for my children is priority. However, interacting with other adults is also very important. Now that I work and my husband works we have enough money to do fun things with our children when we are not working. We bought a brand new camper to take them camping. It also gives us enough money to go out by ourselves and hire a brood hen for the night.Our lives are much more enjoyable for our children, my husband, and me. Having me work instead of staying at home. I still find time to make healthy dinners, and take care of our children. It has made my marriage stronger and it has made me feel break dance about myself because I contribute to our bills.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn EssayIn The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn, Mark pas de deux develops check of corporation by contrasting Huck and Jims life on the river to their dealings with people on dirt. duette uses the adventures of Huck and Jim to expose the hypocrisy, racism, and injustices of society.Throughout the curb hypocrisy of society is brought out by Hucks dealings with people. dominate Watson, the first character, is displayed as a hypocrite by Huck Pretty soon I valued to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldnt. ?And she took snuff too of course that was all right, because she done it herself (Twain 8).Huck did not understand why she does not want him to smoke, That is just the way with some people. They get down on a thing when they dont know nothing about it (Twain 8). When Huck encounters the Grangerfords and Shepardsons he describes Colonel Grangerford as, ? a gentleman, you see. He was a gentleman all over and so was h is family(Twain 86). On Sunday when Huck goes to church he sees the hypocriticalism of the families, The men took their guns along, ? The Shepardsons done the same. I t was pretty ornery preaching-all about brotherly love, and such-like? (Twain 90). Huck with his anti-society attitude, you would presume that he would have no problem in helping Jim. Yet he fights within himself about turning over Jim to the authorities, by this action within Huck shows that he must have feelings that slavery is pay so that the racial bigotry of the time may be seen. This decision for Huck is monumental plane though he makes it on the spot. He has in a way decided to turn his digest on everything that home stands for, this allows us to leave our thought of bigotry behind and begin to see Jim for what he really is a man.Hucks attitude for Jim is racist which is seen when he decides to play a trick on Jim during their voyage. later Huck plays his trick his attitude toward Jim begins to change, It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger but I done it, and I warnt ever sorry for it afterward, neither (Twain 72). The dialogue throughout the book betwixt Huck and Jim illustrates that Jim is more than property and that he is a homosexual being with feelings, and hopes for a better future. The river provides a posterior for Huck and Jim to escape the harsh society slightly them and develops into a god.The river provides a pathway for the action to progress, unlike other forms of travel it proceeds to guide the book in one direction down a set path. The god-likeness of the river controls the adventures, It is the River ? that will not let them land at Cairo, where Jim could have reached freedom it is the Rive that separates them ? the River that reunites them, ? (Eliot 333). Society has lost the moral meaning of the river, ? the river was forgotten, and precisely by the dwellers in cities, by the worshippers of the gondola (Trilli ng 325).It is through the adventure of Huck and Jim that Twain tries to show the power that elicit only be displayed by the natural force of the river, ? the river was forgotten, and precisely by the dwellers in cities, by the worshippers of the machine (Trilling 325). Whenever Huck goes to shore he eventually seeks the refuge of the raft and the river. The problems of society become apparent to Huck when he goes ashore, while watching the gun fight between the Grangerfords and Shepardsons he becomes ill with the violence between these two families, I wished I hadnt ever come ashore that night, to see such things (Twain 94).The river never deals with the peanut matters of society, and allows Huck the freedom to be himself. The river is freedom, the land is oppression, and that oppression is most evident to Jim. In Hucks dealings with society he sees people for who they truly are, He sees the real realism and he does not count on it-he allows it to judge itself (Eliot 329). Huck is rejuvenated by the river, when he goes ashore he faces society and all the injustices that it carries. When he returned to the raft he felt free again, Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft dont.you feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft (Twain 96). The river becomes the place where freedom is felt for Huck and Jim on a grand scale. The end of the romance may reckon to distract from the maturing of Huck and seem to regress Huck back to the state he was at the extraction of the novel. When Twain really was just trying to fade Huck out, Huck Finn must come from nowhere and be bound nowhere (Eliot 335). The return of Tom, with his elaborate scheme to free Jim is merely to set Huck into the background of the novel again.Tom returns to let the reader see the transformation of Huck, Mark Twain, ? Huck Finn whose constituent it must always be to seek a freedom beyond the limits of any civilization, ended his novel by contrasting Toms and Hucks sens e of the Territory. (Pearce 361). The ending simply shows the changes Huck has gone through during his voyage to the childish attitude him and Tom shared at the beginning of the novel. Huck and Jims adventures allow us the chance to escort the society they live in.It also gives us an opportunity to examine society today along with ourselves. independence the one thing that both Huck and Jim are searching for they only find on the river. Twain is showing us in this story that sometime we must break away from society and what the world views as correct and just. He is showing us that we have the strength inside to stand on our own and make decisions for ourselves. Twain, through Huck, gives us the chance to see all the things in the world as they really are. Not so that we judge the world but so we can stand up for what is right.

Native Americans vs Colonists Essay Example for Free

Native Americans vs Colonists EssayTo drive with, colonists were certainly in disagreement with Native Americans. While inbred, the colonists claimed that they achieve sincere estate fairly it was absolutely the Native Americans that were ahead of the game, Native Americans at the beginning were abused in the midst of the process to merchandising or buying land. In the meantime, colonists made use of the opportunity they were given, to give the Native Americans flammable liquid, cognise that the Native Americans would be intoxicated.Colonists said that they had mislaid legion(predicate) square miles of property through mediation, colonists said they acquit done they Native Americans no wrong at all. Furthermore, Native Americans told them their biz and nevertheless, Native Americans and the colonist took a load murder together, they had nothing to hide , they laid it all on the table, they played there separate right. However, they just had to say that they had been the first in doing well to the English, and the English were the first in doing wrong. Regardless of the spiral and turning of official policy.In the singing of treaties between colonists traditional low down for denying the fact that native Americans had their own c formerlyptualization of private property and were deceit into celling property, and for the fact that whites believed the native indweller had no real claim to land ownership. It was not easy to guesstimate the percentage of the total Native Americans shut off by this hazardous disease. In addition, the Native Americans as it spread through numerous preachers and revivals confederation was super regarded than it had ever been effectuated in days gone by in the colonies.Native Americans are indigenous citizens, diseases took an gigantic effect on Native Americans which had caused them to moderate diseases such as, small pox and measles Defenders they fall to their knees. In a like manner, Native Americans had helped the colonists in many ways when they were going through difficult times and through disastrous times as well. Also, Native Americans precious everyone to stand strong, in unity and to have justice for all. Most importantly they wanted peace, and that was not too much to ask for.Nevertheless, colonists agreed that fight was the worst thing to do, but they are way better than just doing something like that. They just wanted to ask for what they needed politely, not in a bad or rude manner. Native Americans tried and true to settle everything in a veracious way so they sign a peace accordance with the colonists, in which the colonists had agreed with them because , they wanted everyone to have equal rights between one an new(prenominal), this included things such as if any did unjustly war against him, they would aid him if any did war against them.He should aid them. In that geek things can better between the two colonies and bad things and arguments can be laid to rest once and fo r all. In conclusion, it is understandable why the colonist may say that native Americans did them wrong, but yet unruffled native Americans were the first to stand before them and try to save their lifes in many ways that they possible could, they even sign a peace treaty, they did not try to hide anything at all behind their backs, they said it just the way it should be said and as they say the good shall suffer for the bad.Native Americans was not perfect they did there wrong as well. On the other hand, Native Americans force colonist to do certain things they probably didnt want to agree to for instance, for move to force the Indians to observe the laws of theirs and regardless of whatever happened between the native Americans were the last one standing they were persist , strong , but just remember that when colonists had grew weak, native Americans they had compassion on colonists and helped them.

An Effective Classroom Teacher Essay Example for Free

An Effective schoolroom Teacher EssayI believe that with being a instructor comes great right. A teacher will leave a lasting impression on their pupils, they should be free from any mischief and treat sisterren as individuals by respecting their backgrounds, religion, disability and race. I am extremely piss-to doe with about bonny an effective teacher and many factors contribute to this. This turn out will highlight my aras of concern and how my initial thoughts impart developed during my view. My celestial orbits of concern include planning and executing enjoyable lessons. They also include the strategies I ascertained the teacher using to mange behaviour in the classroom which is essential for the smooth flow of the day.Confidence is a factor which I life improves every time you teach, and if lessons are well planned and subject companionship is secure a teacher would automatically begin to quality confident. I am also concerned about classroom organisation and the implementation of routines. I observed many examples of set routines which the school follow, this is the responsibility of the teacher to enforce and then keep consistent. These are all attributes or responsibilities of an effective teacher and this essay will explore them and discuss possible ways of improving or developing them. I have also include my experience regarding assessment and the importance of identifying strengths and weaknesses to become an effective teacher. Finally, I have included some experiences of my university education which has helped me to identify my areas for concern.I feel that being an effective teacher should involve valuing, gaining and expectant respect to the pip-squeakren. I was concerned how this could be achieved. I saw fantastic examples on my school placement which I hope to adopt myself. Every morning the teacher would give the children time to settle on the carpet and instead of talking amongst each other, they would in turn talk t o the teacher and the rest of the class, a lot about issues which were concerning them or something exciting that happened over the weekend.The teacher made sure every child had a chance to talk no matter how trivial. She showed genuine interest in them and never let them feel insignificant. I really admired the teacher for this. I initially thought it was just a pleasant way to start the morning however, after thinking about it so many strategies are touch and learning taking place. The children develop confidence in talking in front of the class they are sharing their thoughts and feelings, and learning how to express themselves. The bond of trust is being formed between pupil and teacher. Finally, it is dependable strategy for managing behaviour. Children learn to listen to each other and they also learn patience and turn-taking. The most effective teachers frequently involved the whole class in discussion and were skilled at doing this, which was not needs whole-class teach ing as such. (Dean, J. (2001) p.39)Therefore I feel that it is extremely important to value a child despite race, gender, religion or disability. And to truly show an interest in them and respect their thoughts and beliefs. I feel that I established a genuine relationship with the children and they felt up comfortable around me. This is where I felt I was effective in my teaching. all in all this contributes to being an effective teacher.Mortimore et al. (1988) put that effective teachers gave rewards rather than punishments, as punishments had a negative effect on learning. I observed a great deal of this on my school placement which I quickly adopted. Unwanted behaviour was often ignored until absolutely necessary, whereas good behaviour was praised quickly and an example made of it to the rest of the class. This practise worked, I saw the class counterbalance quickly try and act the same way to please the teacher and me as a school-age child teacher.I feel that an effective teacher should have implemented a classroom routine and then to keep it consistent. An arrangement of getting things out and putting away can be made with children. All the children can be given a responsibility of taking care of a small area of the classroom. Places for resources, books etc should have a permanent place and be clearly labelled to enable the children to tidy up efficiently.I also noticed that the class teacher had seated the children in rows on specific places on the carpet. Bennet and Blunder (1983) found that children got more work done when sat in rows. I found that this is an effective classroom management strategy. There are no arguments of sitting next to friends or deficiency of space. The children know where they sit and with one glance, the teacher can see who is missing and spot ant disruptions. The children were seated on the table in groups according to ability. Independent work was often completed on the tables, however, the child were always given th e chance to discuss ideas with each other before asking the teacher for help.

Analysis of Durkheims The Elementary Forms of Religious Essay Example for Free

abstract of Durkheims The Elementary Forms of Religious EssayAs described in Durkheims The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, a totem is app arnt in every ball club. A totem is a symbolic figure of whatever creature, being, or intimacy that represents the sanctity and principle of god. Essentially, a totem is a profane, ordinary object that has been deemed by society to have some holy, sacred characteristics. With this being said, the object itself does not have any holy or sacred qualities kind of it is merely the representation of the totem that holds these characteristics. For example, if a societys totem is a tump over past an actual turtle would merely be a turtle, but when the turtle is presented as a totemic emblem then this symbolic representation of the turtle is sacred. Durkheim argues that, because the totem is a lovingly constructed representation of god then the totem itself represents society as well. Durkheim makes this assumption evidently clear by stati ng that the god of the clan, the totemic principle, can therefore be nada else than the clan itself, personified and represented to the imagination under the visible form of the animal or vegetable which serves as totem. From this, one can conclude that Durkheim viewed the worship of totem as worshipping society. Durkheim goes on to make the argument that god and society are equivalent. God is an outside, figurative force that holds the mess worshiping it to certain manners and actions. The act of worshipping said god or totem is an indication that the followers, believers, or worshipers are dependent upon this force to determine the actions they touch offake in, the behaviors they exhibit and so on.God and religion exist in order to keep people in line via ritualized activities and mountain moral and ethical guidelines that people abide by. Society, in and of itself, possesses the same qualities. The norms and values of a society, which for the most part have been incorporated into the moral and ethical guidelines laid out in the societys religion, are followed whether or not they are in line with the individuals intrinsic nature.Because of this characteristic, society is itself an outside force that people are dependent on, whether or not they acknowledge it. Lastly, Durkheim acknowledges that these ritualized activities and shared moral values foster the social solidarity and cohesion of society. By partaking in shared activities, whether it be the Islamic ritual of praying to Allah multiple times a day, the American tradition of singing of the national anthem before the first pitch of a baseball game, or the Catholic ritual of aking communion, we are acknowledging that we belong to a group or society. Common activities armed service establish what Durkheim refers to as collective consciousness, that is a specified set of beliefs and values that are third estate to members of a given society or group. Praying to the same god or praising the same soci ety, which fit to Durkheim are one in the same, encourages the development and maintenance of a collectively held set of morals, values, ethics, and beliefs.

Engineering ewb research Essay Example for Free

Engineering ewb search Essay1. IntroductionThe Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) Ch tout ensembleenge is a program where first year University Students by means ofout Australia are ask to select from a hold of problems associated with the musical accompaniment conditions of a disadvantaged community within Nepal, more than specifically the village of Sandikhola, a hilltop community in the Gorkha district. The students are then required to develop profitable solutions to combat these problems to benefit the community through design, teamwork and proper communication. This particular research opus group 9C go forth be focusing on Water Supply and Sanitation Systems ( muffle), in particular Multiple intake Systems (genus Mus). MUS refers to a system where the piss system is use for a vomit of purposes, so as to play down the amount of fresh pee needed to be drawn from the source and append the applicability of the source. This line will be outlining researc h conducted into the MUS including the geography of the Gorkha district, a case study on a WASH initiative already in place in Nepal, also allow ind in the report will be an evaluation of sources of research, and a conclusion of the report.2. Research2.1 Geography of the Gorkha DistrictThe Gorkha District in Nepal is fit(p) on the mid-southern area of the Terai region roughly the center of Nepal. More specifically the village of Sandikhola is located approximately 42 kilometers North East of Bharatpur, which roughly is over an hour drive each sort via a dirt road which is only friendly by 44s and is not regainible in absurd conditions. The village of Sandikhola is located on the side of a hill with an elevation of 1256 meters, and is roughly divided into three different sections consisting of crops, housing and tole judgestock.2.1.1 Natural ResourcesLand is seen as the most valuable raw(a) choice to most citizens of the Gorkha district. With over 80% of the existence, 24 506 759 mint, earning a livelihood from farming, which in turn produces 36.1% of gross domestic product on a national scale. Due to water shortages and unreliability in relation to irrigation, this is not a secure choice for the flock of the Gorkha district. The only problem with utilizing land to this major of a scale is that it is macrocosm overly depleted due to the accelerating growth of population, leadingto widespread destruction of ecological systems. The other resource is water, which are polluted due to lack of sanitization and the lack of the resource, other than location, is due to de-forestation and the devastating effects it has on the environment.2.1.2 Technological ResourcesThe Gorkha district has very limited technological resources, especially when 90% of the population live in rural areas and average earnings per family per week are below a dollar which rile the affordability of technological resources impossible for poor families. Surprisingly the telephone signal throughout the district is surprisingly honest although this is a under used resource due to lack of infra bodily structure and finances. With under 7% of the population having attack to the internet communication on a global and even national scale enkindle be postgraduately difficult. Due to the developing nature of Nepal access to any modern technology is unviable, with it sometimes taking up to and over 6 months for any technology to reach many rural communities e.g. water testing kits.2.1.3 Population and IncomeThrough researching Population and Income it was found that there are over 30 meg people in Nepal, with approximately 300 000 people in Gorkha. The Terai region accommodates for 50.27% of the total population, roughly 15 million people, which is the mountainous/ hilly region of Nepal which can make life very difficult for these people in particular. The average household income is less than one dollar a day with more than 40% living under the poverty line. In the Gorkha district 90% of citizens live in rural areas which goes to fork up the lack of urban connection further reinforcing the fact that development of technology in relation to water use will greatly affect the population in all aspects of life.2.1.4 Natural DisastersNatural Disasters control a major effect on developing countries, especially where climate change is concerned. This is due to the high dependence on climate sensitive sectors in the Gorkha district including glaciers, agriculture and forestry, and its low financial reconciling capacity. These disasters are becoming increasingly common with the acceleration of global warming. This is due to the increased temperatures experienced compared to 1990 to 2010 where an increase of 1.9 Degrees Celsius to the averagetemperature, these particular natural disasters include an increase in dry periods, floods, intense rainfall, landslides, forest fires, frosty retreats, and glacier lake outburst flood threats. The other ma in natural disasters common to this area are earthquakes due to the attitude of Gorkha on the meeting point of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. These disasters need to be taken into account so the MUS can withstand destruction via natural disaster.2.1.5 Climatic ConditionsShown in these two graphs (below) is the average rainfall and temperature of the Gorkha District. By studying these two graphs it can be seen that the year is divided into a wet and dry season with the temperature throughout the year remaining relatively constant with a minimum range of 3 degrees Celsius and a maximum range of 9 degrees Celsius. This research is essential to the analysis of water tote up2.1.6 Education LevelsIn the Gorkha district training is a work in progress with the basic literacy rate at 45% of males and only 28% of women. In the district alone there are reason out to 500 schools, 400 of which are public. With the help of many Non-Government Organizations, development of these sc hools has had an excellent effect on the study system, for example at the end of 2013 1000 computers were distributed to these schools readily making available vast amounts of educational resources to these communities. The problems associated with the education levels include the travel distance especially within rural areas, and also the lack of proper WASH resources which affects the health of the students.2.1.7 InfrastructureIn relation to the Infrastructure available to the people of Gorkha it can be observe as ineffective. This is found as roads to many of the rural areas within which the majority lives, are nearly inaccessible without a 44, as less than a quarter of roads in Nepal actually world paved/concreted. This is increasingly made challenging due to less than 1% of the population actually having access to a car. The main form of transport readilyavailable are the public buses, but on the other hand they are not extremely reliable with the multitude of strikes which occur, making life for the people more difficult when they founder to walk for hours to get where they were going. Another major flaw is the inability for citizens to access a range of services with less than 15% of people having access to formal health pity services, children having to walk on average 1-3 hours to attend school, there is also a lack of an electricity supply to majority of rural areas, lack of public sewage treatment in the majority of the district and in general isolation of rural areas.2.2 Existing SolutionsIn the community of Sandikhola, there is a wide range of problems associated with water supply. These include the accessibility to water sources, the cleanliness/quality of water supply, the amount of water supplied, and the ability for the resource to be effectively used across domestic uses and productive uses. Currently in Sandikhola approximately 80% of WASH techniques are currently in place with there being a few sources of water one small waterway, eig ht tap stands and two form intakes but during the dry season these intakes receive unavailable due to low pressure. When this occurs the community must draw water from a larger recant located further away from the village down the hill. In the case of Sandikhola at each spring intake is a reservoir tank, there are three water quality testers spread across the village, one rain monitor and two flow monitors. Also introduced to this community is the use of recycling water, much(prenominal) as capturing overflows at spring intakes, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Ground Water Capture (GWC), fog water, and colour water systems. Through the integration of a range of these sources, systems and techniques we develop a MUS system.2.2.1 Construction basically the MUS is constructed via the connection of a range of single use technologies e.g. spring intake, storage tanks, tap stands. This is to annul the amount of water requires for use by reducing waste water (sustainability), and also to make it more accessible for the villagers. For the construction many of the village members are heavily involved in construction so as to ensure the education of the MUS to the community allowing it to be properly maintained even after(prenominal) the EWB/NEWAH team leaves.2.2.2 Inputs and OutputsFor the implementation of the MUS there are a number of inputs required, these include help from a third party in this case EWB and NEWAH in relation to funding, research and designing, participation from members of the Sandikhola community, materials, current technologies, and tools. For any input there is an output, in this case once construction is completed some of the outputs of the technology sustain evident, these including an increase of income and benefits in relation to this including general health, nutrition, social empowerment, food security, time savings. Diversification of Livelihood, which is the process by which the community develops a range of activities and social su pport capabilities in order to survive and improve their standards of living i.e. education, inter/intra-societal interaction. Increase in sustainability including, efficient water transfer from the water source for domestic and productive applications.3. Evaluation of Sources of InformationIn research for this assignment, I tend to steer clear of any non-reliable or inaccurate resources. To do this books become an extremely valuable and trusted resource, and when using websites as resources I have stuck to .org websites while at the same time checking the about us section as not all .org sites are official sites. Some ways I checked the accuracy and validity of my sources of information include analysis of the depth of coverage, determining the intended audience so it is relevant for this report, analysis of language used i.e. sophisticated to low level understanding. The dates of the information are essential for proper research, too old business leader be inaccurate compared to newer information. Does the source have a bibliography and the type of sources of information the author uses and an analysis of the layout and structure of the document. Through all of this analyzing we are able to determine the accurate and reliable sources of information.4. ConclusionIn conclusion, through the research of the Gorkha district and my project area the MUS, it is possible to realize the positive potential that the implementation of the MUS has on all aspects of life. This is due to waterplaying a massive part in the lives of both human, and when there is a lack of sufficient resource, daily functionality is affected.5. ReferencesRenwick, et.al, 2007, Multiple Use Water Services For The scummy Assessing the state of Knowledge, Winrock International Arlington, VA Mikhail, et.al, 2008, Multiple-Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India Experience and Lessons Scale-Up, International Development Enterprises Lakewood, CO Engineers without Borders USA 2014, EWB- USA, Denver viewed 10 March 2014, http//my.ewb-usa.org/project-resources/technical-resources. iDE Organization 2014, iDEORG, Colorado viewed 10 March 2014, http//www.ideorg.org/OurTechnologies/MultipleUseWaterSystems.aspx. Practical put through 2014, Practical Action, Rugby viewed 12 March 2014, http//practicalaction.org/mus-2. Engineers Without Borders Australia 2014, Engineers Without Borders, North Melbourne viewed 12 March 2014, http//www.ewbchallenge.org/nepal-water-healthnewah/sandikhola. Smith, J., 2014, Personal Communication, 25th February 2014 fall in Nations 2014, United Nations, New York viewed 12th March 2014, http//www.un.org.np/maps/nepal-gorkha-district. Rural poverty portal 2012, IFAD, Vancouver viewed 12 March 2014, http//www.ruralpovertyportal.org/en/country/statistics/tags/nepal.