A Portrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, Metamorphosis

A Portrait of Franz Kafkas Life in his Fictional Story, metamorphosisFranz Kafka seems to yield had a tough time growing up with his fix, who was apparently a domineering, unapproachable man. A few years before Franzs untimely death, he wrote a long garner to his father in an attempt to address many of the lingering issues which had plagued their relationship. He may have tried through his sham writing to reach his father prior to the letter, using a kind of metaphor code. Franz Kafka became other characters representing himself in his fiction. In The metabolism, his character, whose name is Gregor Samsa, becomes a giant overhang as the result of an unexplained transformation at the very beginning. The fact that the author is actually the main character is so cleverly disguised and the flesh out so carefully presented that this encoded message becomes an entertaining literary work in its own right. While many of Kafkas short stories, e.g. The Judgment, A Country Doctor, appea r to be vignettes, The Metamorphosis is more or less a surreal self-portrait of Franzs life and his troubled relationship with his family. The concepts of psychological abuse, entrapment and escape are ongoing themes in Kafkas work, and The Metamorphosis contains several examples that specifically relate to his father.The main character takes the role as caretaker of the family, is transformed into a bug and left to eventually die in his room. In The Metamorphosis, the main character awakens from troubled dreams into an even more troubled reality. At the beginning, the rain beating against the window of his room gives him a depressed, melancholy feeling. This sets the tone for the correct story.According to Franz Kafka, his father c... ...or no affect on his father and their relationship, as he still felt compelled to write a long personal letter plainly stating his feelings. Although Franz intended for the letter to reach his father, it was never sent to him instead it was return ed to Franz by his mother. Ironically, even in his straightforward attempt, Franz had failed, though, in a sense his father did read the letter by reading most of his sons work. The fact that he died only a few years later, long before his father did, seems to have been eerily foreshadowed in The Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka seems to have thought that some of the most liberating occurrences are those that are beyond ones control.Works CitedKafka, Franz. Letter to His Father (1919) Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka The Complete Stories. Ed. Nahum N. Glatzer. N.Y. Schocken Books Inc., 1971 89-139.

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: Offred :: Handmaids Tale Essays

Offred of The Handmaids Tale        I bear decided to analyze the principal(prenominal) character Offred because she seams to feel trapped in this radical society. She speaks very openly round the situation thats shes in and plays her actions very well. I will do an overall analysis of her actions. Offred is a very strange character. She follows the new rules of her society unlike her ill-affected friend Moira. But you can also tell that Offred misses her family very oft and she always goes back in her head to remember the past. Our happiness is part memory. What I remember is Luke, with me in the hospital, standing beside my head, holding my hand..... (Atwood pg.126) But Offred has replaced Luke in this new world with Nick who will be the next man standing beside her bedside. at that place are also times when Offred acts as if she wants to pass on who she really is or was. But thats w present I am, theres no escaping it. times a trap, Im caug ht in it. I must forget about my unfathomable name and all ways back. My name is Offred now, and here is where I live.... I am thirty- three years old. I have browned hair. I stand five seven without shoes. I have botheration remembering what I use to look like. I viable ovaries. I have one more chance. Here it seams as if all Offred set is her ovaries because thats what everyone else values and now she feels as if thats her only way to survive through this society. (Atwood pg.143) Now that Offred has this kinship with the Commander and Nick at the same same time. She feels as if she has power in the sense that shes the only one that knows whats going on with the Commander. She loves having something over Serena Joy. The particular is that Im his mistress. Men at the top have always had mistresses, why should things be any different now ?.... Sometimes I think she knows.... and is laughing at me as I laugh, from time to time and with irony, at myself. She sees this as a joke to the whole center. But this gives her something to look forward to. She enjoys his company and she loves the fact that she has this secret which no one else knows about. But even so, and stupidly enough, Im happier than I was before.Free Handmaids Tale Essays Offred Handmaids Tale Essays Offred of The Handmaids Tale        I have decided to analyze the main character Offred because she seams to feel trapped in this new society. She speaks very openly about the situation thats shes in and plays her actions very well. I will do an overall analysis of her actions. Offred is a very strange character. She follows the new rules of her society unlike her rebellious friend Moira. But you can also tell that Offred misses her family very much and she always goes back in her head to remember the past. Our happiness is part memory. What I remember is Luke, with me in the hospital, standing beside my head, holding my hand..... (Atwood pg.126) But Offred has r eplaced Luke in this new world with Nick who will be the next man standing beside her bedside. There are also times when Offred acts as if she wants to forget who she really is or was. But thats where I am, theres no escaping it. times a trap, Im caught in it. I must forget about my secret name and all ways back. My name is Offred now, and here is where I live.... I am thirty- three years old. I have brown hair. I stand five seven without shoes. I have trouble remembering what I use to look like. I viable ovaries. I have one more chance. Here it seams as if all Offred values is her ovaries because thats what everyone else values and now she feels as if thats her only way to survive through this society. (Atwood pg.143) Now that Offred has this relationship with the Commander and Nick at the same same time. She feels as if she has power in the sense that shes the only one that knows whats going on with the Commander. She loves having something over Serena Joy. The fact is that Im his mistress. Men at the top have always had mistresses, why should things be any different now ?.... Sometimes I think she knows.... and is laughing at me as I laugh, from time to time and with irony, at myself. She sees this as a joke to the whole center. But this gives her something to look forward to. She enjoys his company and she loves the fact that she has this secret which no one else knows about. But even so, and stupidly enough, Im happier than I was before.

C++ :: essays research papers

1. For each question below indicate True (T) or False (F)a. The binomial distribution is a practical model for a continuous variable Fb. In any normal distribution 95% of the probability lies within two standard deviations of the mean Tc. For a Poisson(m=4) distribution the variance is 2 Fd. For any exponential distribution, the mean is greater than the median Te. The Poisson is a good approximation to binomial when n is large and p is small. T(2+2+2+2+2=10 points)2. Given that the firmament under the standard normal curve, to the left of 2.3 is .0107, what is the areaunder the normal curve to the right of 2.3?(show attain) DTDP ____0.0107____________value(8 points)3. Suppose you flip a fair coin 7 times, let X be the possible number of heads. Find the followingprobabilities (in each case show work below)(i) P(X = 0) =___(.5)7______________ (ii) P(X = 1) = __7*.5*.56_________(value) (value)(iii) Probability of at least 2 heads Prob. Statement _P(X 2)__ value __1-(.5)7-7*(.5)7___ (5+5+7+5=22 points)4. You are the safety inspector at some parts manufacturing plant. Safety at the plant is a concern it isknown that on an average there are 5 accidents per week. Assuming that the number of accidents inany week follows a Poisson distribution with mean 5, whats the probability that in 2 weeks there willbe only one accident? Let X be the number of accidents in 2 weeks.______P(X=1)________________ __10*e-10__________Prob. Statement value(show work Hint whats the distribution of X?)XPoisson(mean=2*5=10) (8+7=15 points)5. The scores on a test are normally distributed with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 5. Thescore distribution is shown in figure 1 below. Answer the following questions. Let X relate thevariable score.(a) Refer to the blue shaded area in figure 1. This is the probability of__P(X 70)______________ (just write the probability statement).(b) Find the value of probability in part (a) (show work)_P(Z

New York City Fighting Influenza :: Journalism Influenza Health Essays

New York City Fighting InfluenzaNew York Citys humans health officials are pioneering a program to reduce the mobilise of the influenza epidemic that hit the city over one month ago. The citys approach to disease control is unlike that of any other city in the nation and has been met with much criticism and fear for the lives of New Yorkers. The citys Health Commissioner, Dr. Royal S. Copeland, has refused to close schools, theaters, churches, and places of public amusement despite many requests to do so from braggy members of the governments medical community. Public health officials in Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, and Baltimore have taken such measures to reduce crowding--a known cause of the spread of disease. But according to Copeland, closing places of public amusement does not necessarily lessen the instance of physical contact among citizens. Rather, it displaces it and causes panic. (However, he does advise against attending dance halls.) In defending his posit ion to go forward schools open, Dr. Copeland commented, Now how much better it has been to have those children under the constant observation of qualified persons than to close the schools, let the children run the streets and assemble when and where they would and if they get influenza to let them get it under conditions of which the Health Department had no knowledge and in which it was not prepared from the start to deal with the situation in the best way. Copeland went on to explain that the children are inspected from the start of the day and those who have symptoms are either sent home or to a hospital, depending on the caretaking conditions of their homes. Copeland also believes that the schools serve as places of education ab step forward the epidemic for children who may also carry the information back to their parents. In response to this approach, former Health Commissioner, Dr. S. S. Goldwater, has announced that Copelands plan is impuissance at the expense of the pub lic. He said that the measures to exclude sick children from school are lamentably weak and that there is almost criminal laxity for carrying out education on the epidemic. Goldwater is currently working to get schools and theaters ordered closed to avoid the dangers that crowding brings.But Copelands first concerns are ventilation, sanitation, and education. Therefore, theaters are used as centers of education and must remain open.

Sociological Theories Essay -- Papers Sociology Class Power Conflict E

Sociological TheoriesOne of the sociological theories is conflict theory. The conflict theory deals with nations take aim on wealth, or kin. The conflict theory says that social change is beneficial, contrary to focuses on social order. In the story of the woman and her children, the conflict theory plays a big role on the situation. Police of higher class are threatening the homeless woman. The conflict theory is a constant struggle of people of higher class over powering people of lower class, or the weaker. The law are trying to over power the woman by telling her to leave. raze though the woman and her children were doing nothing wrong, the police used their power to tell her to leave. Also the people of the area showed their conflict theory by telling the police officers to come. They must have felt embarrassed to have a woman of such lower class to be around them. They used their power of class to have the woman removed from their community. The woman wants to be there because she has no home and it is a good community to be in, however the people control at it as an embarrassment to them because it makes their area look bad for someone of such lower class to be around them. The conflict theory is extraordinary to all other theories because it separates people into categories determined by their wealth and standards. Their status is the element that categorizes them, weather it is class, race, or gender. The conflict theory do not endlessly use class, race, and gender all at once. In this situation race and gender is not a main issue, although gender could be a reason, but it would fall under the feminist theory. This story is mainly dealing with class. Through all this conflict the woman feels over powered and domina... ...one another and how they depend on each other. The last sociological theory is the feminist theory. This theory deals with human life through the experience of a woman. The woman in this situation whitetho rn have felt proud at first for trying to take care of her children and passing them in a good area. She was doing all she can to keep her children in good care. But then when the cops came she might have felt upset and independent. She may have felt like the cops didn?t give her a chance to help her children out and get back on her feet. The women in the area may have felt sorry for the homeless woman and proverb her as too independent. So they might have wanted to give her help for her and the children by finding a good shelter home for them. The feminist theory is unique from all the other perspectives because it expresses things from a woman?s point of view.

Sociological Theories Essay -- Papers Sociology Class Power Conflict E

Sociological TheoriesOne of the sociological theories is conflict hypothesis. The conflict speculation deals with citizenrys level on wealth, or class. The conflict conjecture says that social change is beneficial, contrary to focuses on social order. In the story of the char and her children, the conflict theory plays a big role on the spatial relation. Police of higher class are threatening the floorless woman. The conflict theory is a constant deal of people of higher class over top executiveing people of lower class, or the weaker. The police are trying to over power the woman by impressive her to leave. Even though the woman and her children were doing nonhing wrong, the police used their power to tell her to leave. Also the people of the area showed their conflict theory by copulation the police officers to come. They must have felt embarrassed to have a woman of such lower class to be around them. They used their power of class to have the woman removed fr om their community. The woman wants to be there because she has no home and it is a good community to be in, but the people look at it as an embarrassment to them because it makes their area look bad for someone of such lower class to be around them. The conflict theory is unique to all other theories because it separates people into categories determined by their wealth and standards. Their status is the element that categorizes them, weather it is class, race, or gender. The conflict theory do not always use class, race, and gender all at once. In this situation race and gender is not a main issue, although gender could be a reason, but it would fall under the feminist theory. This story is mainly dealing with class. Through all this conflict the woman feels over powered and domina... ...one another and how they depend on each other. The last sociological theory is the feminist theory. This theory deals with human life through the experience of a woman. The woman in th is situation may have felt proud at first for trying to take care of her children and keeping them in a good area. She was doing all she put forward to keep her children in good care. But then when the cops came she might have felt upset and independent. She may have felt like the cops didn?t give back her a chance to help her children out and get back on her feet. The women in the area may have felt sorry for the homeless woman and saw her as too independent. So they might have wanted to give her help for her and the children by finding a good shelter home for them. The feminist theory is unique from all the other perspectives because it expresses things from a woman?s point of view.

Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln Essay

Abraham capital of Nebraska and Martin Luther tabby were two very similar orators who wanted to achieve almost identical goals. Abraham Lincoln was the president of the unite States and the leader of the Anti-Slavery Republican Party. His saving was delivered on the nineteenth November 1863 mat Gettysburg during the Great Civil War. His primary objective was to abolish thrall and he did this partly by indirectly telling his summons, such as, purposely forgetting his status and addressing his Fellow countrymen with intense respect which consequently reflects his beliefs in equality. Martin Luther pansy, a Baptist Minister, was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. He performed his speech almost one hundred years after Lincolns speech on the twenty eighth August at Lincolns memorial. exponent believed in egalitarianism and he in like manner wanted to end segregation this is what both orators set taboo to do.Lincoln and King ask similar purposes for their speeches but targ eted them in different ways. Influenced by the great legend Mahatma Gandhi who also himself was a non-violent stilldom fighter, King wanted to gain black good deals freedom the same way as Gandhi, in a non-violent protest. Lincoln had a similar contractual obligation. He was to abolish slavery. He pay backed this in his concise speech for the lot. twain King and Lincoln have implicit messages in their speeches. Lincoln, apart from trying to abolish slavery, also promoted The honored pulseless and making people understand what their fathers had done for them and what is left for them to do. King, on the other hand, apart from trying to gain black peoples freedom, evokes a facial expression of disgust by the intention of metaphors to induce an image of the governors lips, dripping with the words of interposition and nullification which evokes a sinister feeling at bottom the audience which King hoped to achieve as it would divert the Negros mind and evoke a feeling f disgust towards the government.King targets his audience cleverly. He explicitly targets the majority of the black people, who still, one hundred years later, and must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still non free. This clearly shows that King is telling his audience that even to solar day after one hundred years the Negro ar, still not free. He implicitly talks to the governors concurrently he is talking to the Negro community by changing their views towards the governors. King is trying to provide a vivid reflection for the Governors to make them realize what they are doing and how much better they could make if they abolish slavery and put an end to segregation. Alternatively, Lincolns audience was probably affluent white people from Northern US. Although King had the advantage of the TV, Radio, media and Microphone, Lincolns speech was just as well heard as Kings speech.The use of affective words engages both King and Lincolns audience. King unifies his audience at the table of brotherhood which, apart from unifying the audience also has a religious impact on the black people as they were extremely religious and an indirect reference to Jesus and his disciples would have caused immense unity in the midst of the audience. This metaphor apart from providing unity, it also is a very pacifistic metaphor as it includes everybody. In contrast, Lincoln believes that their solid ground is under God. These religious references amalgamate the audience and make them think that they are doing this for God and that they are Gods children.Both orators structure their speeches in similar ways. The speech is structured in chronological order as it bequeaths a rhythmic feel. first they talk about(predicate) what their fathers had to go with to get them this far, then they move into the present where both speech makers clearly make it noticeable that they talking about now. King introduces his future ingeniously by stating that he has a dream, which circuitously s hows what he wants it to be like in the near future for his quad little children. This poignant language also evokes sympathy not just for King but also for people around them who are going through the same traumatic experience.Different tones area applied by both orators to conjure up diverse feelings. Lincoln uses a sincere tone to eulogy his feeling to abolish slavery when he addresses his fellow countrymen. On the other hand, King uses a powerful congresswoman to Let freedom ring and to spike the speech to emphasize his beliefs of freedom. Lincoln also has a sense of vigor in his tone which shows how the soldiers nobly advance and which portrays the strength of his own voice as well corroborating other people simultaneously.Religious and biblical manners are used by both speechmakers, which has a great impact on the nation at the same time, as persons at that time, especially black public were very religious. Lincoln refers to the people being under God which would convey a thought of great expectations in the minds of the listeners. King says that the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, which meant that if they work together, then they can create a better gentleman for themselves and for their children, so if they stick together and protest they bequeath see the reward.Both raconteurs coerce their audience by the use of different strategies. They both use akin strategies to portray their views. Lincoln and King use the same strategies however, King uses them extensively. Both use the rule of three but King take one-step that and converts it into repetition. When King repeats Let freedom ring, it emphasizes how much the black community wants freedom to ring. However, Lincoln repeats two words in particular, great and nation. The repetition of great show the importance that can be achieved out of a great civil war to form a bond between the people present and to say, if we are a nation so conceived and so dedicated then we can tolerate the hardship and pain of war.The use of emotive language evokes a more personal feeling. King refers to his children to add a sympathetic feel to his speech. He also uses biblical references such as when the day when all of Gods children will be able to sing with new meaning keeps his audience interested by implicitly saying it will be done and it grants hope to his audience. On the other hand, Lincolns use of emotive language is more biblical rather than personal. The only reference to a more personal feeling was when he talked about their fathers to call to mind a nostalgic upshot and to say how disrespectful it would be to go against the equality that our fathers created this continent a new nation.King and Lincoln use beginning rhyme in the same way. King uses alliteration to show a desert state sweltering sweltering, which too, portrays the immense heat of injustice. An onomatopoeic effect to give a sense of power to the government of the people, by the people, for the people due to the r epetition of the P.Martin Luther King and Abraham Lincoln intentionally use language to persuade their audience to fight freedom in a non-violent disapproval. Both orators take advantage of the uses of language to achieve their primary aim. Lincoln juxtaposes the civil war with great to encourage the greatness of war and what can be achieved out of this battle to abolish slavery. King juxtaposes the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Apart from being a metaphor, alliteration is also inserted and an expectant pause is added to let the audience reflect on what King had just said. Both speechmakers, to transmit a compassionate emotion use emotive language.In conclusion to my analysis Martin Luther Kings speech was the most effective only to the obvious reason that his was of a longer length so it contained more within it. Lincolns speech was nearly as good as Kings speech because he also interleaved messages inside his meaning which as a cons equent added depth to his speech and made his speech almost as superior as Kings. Kings speech was good too for the reason that he could express his views openly as he had more time as well as more technology to reach more people.

Online Gaming Essay

Online gaming is due today latest technology. The people stooge easy to accession on this Online World because of the modern gadgets that invented by the new generation. We have now the internet caf, personal computer and other gadgets that we can use any while in our life. We have known that today the problem of the students, p arnts, teachers that we need to solution is the problem in the addiction of the Online Gaming.As games become more visually tantalising and the recession leaves people at home in front of computer screens, therapists are encountering more cases of people obsessed with being online. In extreme mickle game players can, they warn, become detached from normal existence and forget to eat or sleep as they interact with screen characters such as wizards and monsters. Youngsters can also develop posture problems.The present study contributes to the argue on video game addiction by applying a unusual approach. It seeks to supply experimental, data-driven stop fo r the assumed sub concourse of addicted online video gamers. Results provide a source for data-based scale confirmation and cut-off scores. Identification of this group testament be conducted throughout acombination of two indirect measures game addiction severity and time spent on online gaming.Computer game addiction is a worrying prospect of the modern-day technologically able youth. Many children spend hours a day on computers, so much so that computers have become a primary election source of entertainment for them , as well as a convenient baby-sitter for parents. Throughout this guide, the details of computer game addiction will be discussed, such as addiction signs, solutions to the problems and alternatives to computers for entertainment.The online gaming is the addictive hobby that can affect the performance of the students in the naturalize. We say that if we play online games we feel It feels so cracking even you want to quit playing the game. You just cant stop bec ause its very addictive ones you down theres no turning back . Other people may play continuously that cause to forget they needs like food .And this may affect the amicable life and the behavior of the addictive gamer. Based on our own experience we play online games to entertain ourselves and kill our boredom. The other techi or the technology-inclined they spend several hours in playing instead doing more important things. Online role-playing games, the site adds, encourages interaction amongst other people and development of groups, allowing people to flourish heartyly online, providing an escape for their struggling social life however the games could also ruin a successful social life.The most played games by boys was the DOTA (Defense Of The Ancient) and the LOL (League Of Legends).The girls most played games was help by the social media sites like Facebook one of them is the Candy Crush , Dragon City , Pet Society and Farmville and other Online games. These are the severa l reasons of the addiction to the online games. According to online gamer they start playing Online games when they are elementary and High School. And continuously playing online games until now. When a person is obsessed to online games, he/she wants and makes more time in playing online games. avowal of the ProblemOur mission in making this research is to answer the main problem regarding the addiction of the teenager on online gaming.1. What are the do of social sites on the addiction in online gaming?2. What are the things they skip when they are playing online games?3. How many hours did they spend in playing online gaming?4. What are the possible effects on the performance of the students when they play online games?5. How to prevent the addiction of the online player?HypothesisWe hypothesize that1. Those addicted to computer games will have symptoms of addiction, such as tolerance, delirious dependence, and withdrawal.2. The computer addicted group will demonstrate an emo tional attachment to computer Games. If they are having a bad day, they will be more plausibly to play more hours of Computer games.3. The computer addicted and social player groups will be more likely to play MMORPGs.4. Computer addicted group will have lower GPAs.Theoretical/Conceptual FrameworkThe Significance of the StudyAwareness is what we are trying to aim so that our study will be useful to students, parents, and teachers. Our study also aim to give an idea for the parents or the guardian of the children regarding to the addiction of the online games. We want to alarm those students that are addicted on online games to the harmful effects of online gaming to the health of the students but also to their performance in the school. We want to help and also contribute the knowledge for the readers regarding to the said topic. image and LimitationsThis study was conducted during the first semester of the school year 2014-2015 to identify the factors that affect the involvement to computer game addiction of the LWAD students and to determine how it would affect their study habits. Respondents of the study are limited to the High schoolstudents of the School namely Legacy of Wisdom Academy of Dasmarinas Inc. There are twenty randomly selected respondents of each of the High school students. We will do some survey to proven this research. Definition of TermsThe following word are used in this chapter. It greatly contribute to your mental lexicon and to our study. Addiction-an addiction do not have control over what they are doing, taking or using. Their addiction may reach a point at which it is harmful. Addictions do not only include physical things we consume, such as drugs or alcohol, but may include virtually anything, such abstract things as gambling to seemingly harmless products, such as chocolate in other words, addiction may refer to a substance dependence (e.g. drug addiction) or behavioral addiction (e.g. gambling addiction).

Gender in Arcadia and the Importance of Being Ernest

Compargon and contrast how Wilde and Stoppard portray the women in Arcadia and The Importance of existence Earnest, in light of the opinion that the sexes compliment each other in Arcadia whereas, the women dominate the men in The Importance of Being Earnest. The female characters in both Arcadia and The Importance of Being Earnest have significant roles and have a certain amount of control in their relationships. However, in the importance of being hot the women dominate the men and exert their power without the male characters knowing it.In The Importance of Being Earnest, Jack and Algernon ar the main male characters. They have encounters with Gwendolen, Lady Bracknell and Cecily. These characters are rather unusual ladies for the time period, and their behaviour is not what was considered to be of a typical Victorian lady however they still try to uphold a sophisticated and polite manner. One particular part which shows this very well, is a scene between Cecily and Gwendolen.W hen the women think they are both engaged to the same man, they design their actions to show their anger and dislike towards each other, rather than words. For example, when Cecily asks Gwendolen if she would like sugar in her tea, Gwendolen replies with No, thank you. Sugar is not fashionable any more, after(prenominal) hearing this Cecily puts four lumps of sugar into Gwendolens tea. This blatant ignoring of a request was not morally right for a lady to do in this era, and Cecily uses it to hurt Gwendolen.By doing this, Cecily upholds her civil conduct but still manages to display her resentment for Gwendolen. In contrast to this, in Arcadia when Hannah and Chloe are talking about Bernard and Gus, they state how they feel and what they are thinking very clearly through words. Im just trying to fix you up, Hannah, Chloe is saying quite plainly that she is trying to get Hannah with Bernard, whereas if this was give tongue to in the same time period as The Importance of Being Ear nest then it would have been said in a much less order way.Another situation that shows how women overpower men in The Importance of Being Earnest is when Jack proposes to Gwendolen. Gwendolen uses her girlish charms to persuade jack to do as she says. When Jack says that he doesnt care much for the name Ernest, Gwendolen uses flirtatious comments to make Jack agree that Ernest is a divine name, and consequently Jack decides to be christened as shortly as possible under the name of Ernest.In comparison to this, Hannah and Bernard argue in Arcadia and Bernard does not agree with everything Hannah says and voices his own opinion instead. Its not going to hop out at you like Lord Byron remarked wittily at breakfast the way Bernard supports himself is quite unlike the way the men in The Importance of Being Earnest agree with everything the women say and do not stress their own thoughts. Lady Bracknell is both a portrayal of a typical Victorian lady, but in addition has modern manne rs about her.She knows her place and thinks the way an upper class, well spoken and married woman would behave in those days. However, Lady Bracknell also presents other side to her, where she controls her husband and close males relatives. By using her authority, wealth and social class, she manipulates the men around her to think as she does and conform to her ideas of a suitable man. Mr Worthing wax from this semi- recumbent posture. It is most indecorous.He tries to rise Gwendolen restrains him the idea that a woman tells Jack to do something, and he tries to do so, but is prevented by another woman, shows just how polar The Importance of Being Earnest is different to Arcadia, because the women tend to try to impress and fit in with the males desires in Arcadia . Arcadia shows a very different relationship between the sexes, as they praise each others good findings but also insult and tease incorrect ones. The relationship between Septimus and Thomasina,

An Evaluation and Analysis of the Effectiveness of Professional Training in Preparing Teachers for Dealing with bullying and Classroom Management

ABSTRACT browbeat is known to be a widespread problem in domesticates and likewise in workplaces. It is not curb to the U.S.A. and across the globe researchers look at been examining the mien of both perpetrators and chumps of boss around for severalINTRODUCTIONIntroduction to the withdrawThere is no univers exclusivelyy accepted definition of intimidation, although several descriptions bind certain vernacular elements. For example, Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus (1993) considers that bullying occurs when someone is exposed to negative actions, carried out by one or to a greater bound people, repeatedly and over a layover of time. Negative action may be described as harmful physical, verbal or separatewise sorts of contact designed to intentionally inflict disgrace on another person. swashing may be both overt and covert for example, loud aggressive shouting in public places, or speak threats and taunts in the classroom or workplace (Nishioka, Coe, Hanita and Spra gue, 2011). A number of pedantic studies have demonstrated the emotional damage that bullying ca works, for example, Schroeder (2010) suggests that bullied savants experience disruption in learning, and Dempsey and Storch (2008), link being a target of adolescent bullying to increases in take aims of depression (as cited in Chambless, 2010). Extensive research has been conducted into bullying in inculcates, including studies by Olweus (1993), Winters (1997), book of maps and Pepler (1998), Brockenbrough (2001) and Natvig, et al. (2001), and these suggest that while certain anti-bullying interventions ar deemed to be successful, for example, Olweus intervention program in informs in Norway and Sweden (Olweus 1993, pp 64-107), nevertheless further cogitation is demand.Organization under involveFor this reason, conducting a study of teachers stacks on bullying and how they impact on classroom conductment could make a significant and relevant contribution to the development o f effective anti-bullying programs. Conducting a study in middle schools in the Brentwood School District will supply relevant information and provide useable insights to aid further research.Problem statementBullying causes high levels of straiten among school students, disruption to their education and increased stress for teachers and school authorities thus, there is an imperative to devise successful anti-bullying interventions (Olweus, 1993). Teachers be the ultimate authority in the classroom and they have responsibility for, and a duty to c atomic number 18 for and protect, their students (Kendall, 2012). They may be the first adults to observe or become aware of bullying appearance at school, so it follows that teachers should have input into the mental home of school anti-bullying programs in order to ensure the classroom environment, and the school as a whole, is safe for all students.Research objectiveConducting a study of teachers perspectives on bullying and their classroom management skills could make an important contribution to the creation of an appropriate, successful anti-bullying intervention. Olweus noted that to achieve this adults at school and, to some degree, at home need to become aware of the extent of bully/victim problems in their school and to decide to engage themselves, with some degree of seriousness, in changing the situation (Olweus, 1993, p66). Bradshaw et al., (2011) confirm that an examination of staff members interpretations of bullying is important and constitutes a significant advance in improving how these are understood. Wright (2003) provides teachers with strategies and guidelines to assist them to understand, and reform their skills to manage, the problem of bullying in school settings. Thus, teachers knowledge, experience and skills in busing with students are highly likely to make a useful contribution to the creation of effective interventions.Proposal structureThis research proposal contains an overview of the subject literature, followed by an outline methodology. The research philosophy, approach and strategy are explored data collection and analytic thinking is outlined and overture and ethical issues are considered. Ideas for sample questions, definitions of scathe and research variables are contained in Appendix 1.LITERATURE REVIEWThe literature on bullying is comprehensive and studies are now attempting to address why and how bullying occurs, and ultimately who is to blame. Bradshaw et al. (2011) suggest that teachers should fully comprehend a working definition of bullying and work with the Department of culture to carry out classroom procedures to deal with it. Some researchers suggest that students themselves should not be labeled as a bully or victim, and instead it is the look that should be labeled bullying or victim behavior (Burzinski, 2012). Overt or direct bullying behavior involves observable behaviors that are usually conveyed by verbal and physical means. N ormally direct bullying takes place face to face and involves relatively blatant attacks on a victim additionally, children may use disruptive acts that are just as hurtful, but are more difficult to detect. Covert or indirect bullying includes actions such as ranch rumors to damage another childs character, designedly excluding others or encouraging other children to dislike another person. Such behavior may happen rear someones back, rather than face to face. Porter (2009) states that the intention to harm physically/emotionally is an essential component of bullying behavior. For example, a friend bedevil another friend good-naturedly is not classed as bullying, while a person deliberately teasing another in order to upset them is classed as bullying. Further, bullying can be defined as a ubiquitous attack, frequently occurring in schools, which has specific features that distinguish it from other aggressive behaviors, namely, it is repetitive, and the victims of bullying hav e less access to power than the perpetrators. Cyber-bullying is increasing but verbal abuse is still more common (Childnet Inter issue, 2007). During the last two decades researchers have focused on identifying the causes and dissolving agents of bullying, however there are still significant gaps in the literature. While many studies have investigated students views of school bullying, only very few have looked at these issues from staff members perspectives (Bradshaw, Sawyer and OBrennan, 2007 Juvonen, Nishina and Graham, 2008 Goldstein, Young and Boyd, 2008). Newman-Carlson and Horne (2004) state that despite the existence of numerous commended programs in schools to confront the bullying problem, few empirical studies have evaluated or confirmed their effectiveness. Recording teachers views based on managing and monitoring behaviors in a classroom setting is therefore valuable in this context. Pellegrini and Bartini (2002) posit that research provides counselors with useful guid elines for developing successful bullying assessment programs. These programs deliver the most precise information when they are conducted over a considerable period of time. Members of a school team, including teachers, who work alongside counselors, may assist the process of creating a more integrated format for successful programs. However Lakewood (2012) notes that while during the last ten days bullying has become the central issue that schools have to tackle, and research has examined programs to assess successful and unsuccessful interventions, there appears to be no single program for bullying prevention or bullying intervention that is likely to work in every environment. Dan Olweus Swedish study of mobbing, a term for bullying most commonplace in the Scandinavian countries, as reported in Aggression in the schools Bullies and whipping boys (1978) was the first notable study of school bullying. Subsequently many other countries have pressn research to try to understand t he bullying phenomenon including Norway, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan and the United farmings (Porter, 2009). These studies show the problem of bullying is prevalent on a national and worldwide level. Increasing reports of bullying and its consequences have encouraged more research studies. Milsom and Gallo (2006) note that research demonstrates a tendency for bullying to reach its height in late childhood or early adolescence. This implies that taking steps for prevention and intervention in middle school is crucial. The findings from the National Education Associations Nationwide Study of Bullying are that the views of bullying expressed by school staff members differ from those of students, who perceive that staff members do not suffice adequately when told of bullying incidents (Bradshaw et al., 2011). The Office of Civil Rights (OCR), a sub-department of the Department of Education, has decreed that individual schools are responsible fo r devising policies and programs to tackle bullying. Data held by the OCR seeks to patron school officials to better understand that some acts of bullying may effectively violate the civil rights of the victim, and that this can have an influence on the way a bullying incident is reported.Literature review summaryBullying is not just a minor problem the phenomenon has escalated in recent years to such an extent that community leaders, academic researchers, parents, school officials, teachers, and the media have recognized the need for prevention and intervention. The literature concludes that teachers and other school staff require training to acquire appropriate knowledge and skills to deal with the pervasiveness of bullying (Blosnich and Bossarte, 2011).Research questionTeachers and students have different views about how teachers handle bullying incidents. Commonly, victims of bullying fail to report it to a teacher. This is because, according to those who do, while some teacher s may foster, others are indifferent or even contribute to making the bullying more serious. Contrary to this, the teachers view is that they intervene in bullying incidents students do not live this is accurate (Porter, 2009). This study seeks to explore teachers attitudes to and perspectives on the bullying problem and to gain insights into their understanding of it. Further, this study will look at the different methods teachers use to manage their classrooms and the role of training in developing these methods. Through analysis of the collected data, the study will examine the research question does teacher training adequately equip teachers with effective techniques to tackle bullying in the classroomThe objective of this study is to use the assure gathered to arrive at sound conclusions that will jockstrap inform future anti-bullying programs.METHODOLGY Research philosophyThe majority of researchers agree that the most effective anti-bullying interventions are comprehensiv e (Espelage and Swearer, 2003), engaging adults and children at individual level, at classroom level and at whole-school level (Olweus, 1993, p64). There is a lack of research on how teachers understand bullying, and on the specific factors that influence their interventions and views (Mishna, Scarcello, Pepler and Wiener, 2005). This is a curious omission as teachers are in an important and influential position on the subject. If teachers feel respected and their point of view is valued, then intervention programs may be more effective. The planned research will adhere to a positivist philosophy, which holds that every rationally justifiable assertion is capable of logical or mathematical proofread or can be scientifically verified and will examine teachers perspectives on bullying, and how they manage the phenomenon in their classrooms. Research approachThere have been many international media stories concerning high-profile events linked to behavioral problems in schools, such a s the Columbine school murders in 1999 and the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007, both incidents in which angry teenagers killed and injured oath students on school premises. Subsequent investigations often reveal an element of revenge for bullying on the part of the perpetrators of such crimes. Then there are other incidents where students have died or committed suicide as a result of being bullied. Neil Marr and Tim Field coined the word bullycide to describe these tragic deaths in their book Bullycide cobblers last at Playtime (2001) and the bullyonline website has a Bullycide memorial page listing the names and circumstances of many young people who have died in the UK and elsewhere as a result of bullying. Such events provide a focus on the seriousness of bullying and the extent of the problem, highlighting the enormity of the emotional and physical end that the victims, and their families, experience. The planned approach for the research is to conduct a quantitative mickle o f teachers, collecting data and converting it into numerical form in order to make statistical calculations and draw valid conclusions. This will contribute knowledge that will enable improved strategies for classroom management across all schools, which could have a demonstrable effect on the frequency and severity of school bullying, and may prevent incidents escalating to such extremes.Research strategyThe Brentwood School district includes four middle schools North, South, East and West which have a total of about 150 teachers. With permission from the school administration and the Institutional Review Board (IRB), the research strategy is to conduct a eyeshot of teachers views across these four schools. The researcher will use self-administered questionnaires to gather data, to analyze it across a number of constituent elements and to draw conclusions from the findings. Although a longitudinal study may deliver more detailed results, this would be time-consuming and onerous for participants as well as the researcher. As a research tool, a adopt is cost effective, takes a relatively short amount of time to answer, and is more convenient and less stressful for the participants (Creswell, 2009). This study focuses on the attitudes and perceptions of teachers in regard to bullying and classroom management. Both male and female teachers will be recruited from the four middle schools in Brentwood, NY. All teachers will be invited to take part and the target is to achieve a 55% response rate, which is deemed to be sufficient for making sound judgments (Van Bennekom, 2011). School principals will be asked for permission to approach the teachers for this study and in addition asked to ensure the questionnaires are placed in the mailbox of the teachers, in each school listed.Data collectionHaving obtained permission from the director of special programs via an introductory letter explaining the reason arsehole and the importance of the sketch, the questionn aires and accompanying stamped, self-addressed envelopes will be placed in the teachers mailboxes. Participants will also assemble a letter explaining the research, assuring them that responses will rest confidential and asking them to confirm their consent. No financial compensation will be provided for participation in the study however, respondents will be able to receive a copy of the survey findings. Teachers will be asked to return the questionnaires inside a two-week period in the envelopes provided. On completion of all the returned questionnaires, the data analysis will commence. The data will be stored in the office of the researcher in a locked cabinet.Data analysisA good survey design permits a clear and nasty assessment process via a logical model (Babbie, 1990). The questionnaire for the survey will be designed to measure the attitudes of teachers concerning bullying a series of questions will relinquish responses across a Likert scale ranging from 1 (disagree stro ngly) to 7 (agree strongly). Other questions will cover demographic information, such as age, gender, racial and ethnic background and distance of time teaching in this district, as well as a series of questions about teachers experiences of observing and dealing with bullying in the classroom, and their perceptions of self-efficacy. A text analysis using a free online lexical analysis tool will be carried out on information contributed in these areas. Bandura (1994) defines perceived self-efficacy as the beliefs people hold concerning their capacity to produce certain levels of accomplishment that are known to exercise influence over events that affect their lives (Bandura, 1994, p. 71). Thus, self-efficacy beliefs govern how people think, feel, assume and motivate themselves. Banduras instrument teacher self-efficacy scale will be used to measure responses in which teachers are assessing their own self-efficacy. Teachers will be asked to everlasting(a) and return questionnaire s within two weeks. This should give them sufficient time, without pressure on them, although a prompt may be provided closer to the deadline. The research will undertake coding and analysis of the returned questionnaires using a computer program specifically made for data analysis (SPSS). See Appendix 1 for sample questions, definitions of terms and research variables. Access As long as permission is obtained as planned, there are unlikely to be major access issues. The use of a postal questionnaire means that the geographic location of the participating schools can be overcome. For people with disabilities, additional steps can be taken to make the survey accessible. For example, large-print versions of the questionnaire could be issued for any participants with sight impairment. The two-week period during which forms can be returned is considered to be sufficient time to allow busy teachers to complete the form. Reliability, validity, and popularizability The range of questions asked allows for a coefficient of correlation between several factors (see Appendix 1), including levels of teacher training, effectiveness of the schools anti-bullying programs and policies, and levels of teacher confidence in dealing with bullying behavior. Data on social and ethnic backgrounds is also being collected, in order to underline any specific trends that may emerge concerning how bullying is viewed in different parts of the district, for example, or by teachers of a specific age and background. A T-test can be used to assess whether the means of the different groups of teachers are statistically different from each other. The results will be representative of the district, and may be held to be valid for a large number of middle schools elsewhere in the USA.Ethical issuesBullying causes stress and Blosnich and Bossarte (2011) propose that school bullying, as a form of low-level violent behavior that has been associated with negative outcomes for both physical and menta l health, continues to be a serious public health issue. stack dealing with bullying also suffer stress, and it will be important when conducting this research to ask questions in such a way as to levy general information from teachers, rather than ask them to recall specific bullying incidents, which may be upsetting and uncomfortable. The same applies to questions of self-efficacy being asked to judge their own competency in terms of classroom management is a delicate subject area and must(prenominal) be handled with care.Research limitationsDue to time constraints, and the ways in which schools function, it is not feasible or practicable to observe how anti-bullying programs within schools work at first hand. The study is thus limited to an analysis of data gathered via a survey of teachers views on the bullying situations in their classes how they feel about the programs used in their schools and their self-perceptions of their own confidence levels in dealing with bullying behavior. This data will be specific to teachers and will not reflect the views of students other than as perceived by teachers. The participating schools and teachers, and the information extrapolated from the resulting data, may not necessarily be typical of how all teachers in all schools view bullying.CONCLUSIONBullying is acknowledged as a widespread problem and the need for further research has been utter consistently by academics in the field. This dissertation proposal offers the opportunity to design a new study focused on teachers views and attitudes. Its findings will inform ongoing knowledge about interventions designed to mitigate school bullying, and may provide substantial new information that can be used to improve afoot(predicate) policies, programs and the scope of teacher training.APPENDIX 1 An agreed definition of bullying would ensure that stakeholders have a shared understanding of the issue. Important questions to be considered are What is the individual teachers definition of bullyingThis may forecast how the teacher approaches bullying in the classroom. A definition will be offered and individuals will be asked to score the extent to which they agree or disagree using a Likert scale. How does the teacher perceive the anti-bullying program that is in place in the schoolThis may indicate how bullying situations are approached across the whole school. Has the teacher had any training on bullying preventionThis may indicate if the teacher will properly accomplish the program. How does the teacher perceive the target of bullying and the bullyThe words used to describe the individuals will be counted as part of the text analysis. Is the teacher competent and/or confident in handling bullying situationsExamining the age and gender differences of teachers, in the context of the extent of their anti-bullying training, could provide useful information on whether these factors influence approaches to dealing with bullying.These are the key questions that will be addressed during the development of the study.Definitions Bullying behavior perpetrated by one or more students (the bullies) who single out a child (the target or victim) with an intention to harm that child. Bullying actions may include making threats, attacking someone physically or verbally, spreading rumors and deliberately excluding someone from a group. Teachers training any training acquired as part of obtaining teaching credentials, including training about bullying any additional anti-bullying training sure within the current school. Training may include in school seminars and lectures knowledge and information obtained through the Internet workshops given by the school or any outside sources continuing education credits (CEUs) any extra reading, or individual personal knowledge, or certifications, (there should be written documentation by the organization that gave the class or workshop). Teachers understanding teachers understanding and interpret ation of bullying and anti-bullying terms according to the definitions used by the New York State Board of Education. ontogenyd reporting as measured by the teachers incident reports (counting increases in the report logs). Effective classroom management decrease of bullying behavior as perceived by the teacher evidence of the positive cooperation of students formerly involved in classroom aggression toward other students increase in student work production. Fewer episodes evidence of decrease in student involvement in name-calling, shoving, pushing, teasing, etc evidence of decrease in classroom disruptions. Student trust evidence that students feel more confident about telling the teacher of any uncomfortable circumstances evidence that teacher is helping students gain access to needed services i.e., guidance counselor referrals evidence that the teacher will discreetly attend to the bullying within the classroom and observe the victim and the bully, deflating any pending inciden ts. Confiding evidence that the student trusts the teacher to help the student increased disclosure of any problems they may be having concerning bullying or similar incidents within the school perimeter. Research variables The independent variables are 1.Teacher training 2. Teacher understanding 3. Increased reporting by teachers 4. Effective classroom management.The dependent variables are 1. Increase in reported bullying incidents throughout the school 2. Fewer episodes of classroom bullying 3. Student trust level 4. Confiding in the teacher. Students levels of trust and the extent to which they confide in the teacher can be measured by counting the teachers reports of students coming to them to give an account of bullying incidents, demonstrating the extent to which the students trust the teachers to help them.ReferencesAmerican Heritage Dictionary (2nd ed.) (1982). Boston MA Houghton Mifflin. Atlas, R. S., and Pepler, D. J. (1998). Observations of bullying in the classroom. The Journal of Educational Research. 92(2), 8699. Babbie, E. (1990) Survey research Methods (2nd ed.) Belmont CA Wadsworth Publishing Company. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, 7181). New York Academic Press. Retrieved from http//www.uky.edu/eushe2/Bandura/BanEncy.html. Accessed 18th February 2013. Blosnich, J., and Bossarte, R. (2011). 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A Longitudinal Study of Bullying, Victimization, and Peer Affiliation During the Transition from Primary School to Middle School. American Education Research Journal. Fall 2000. Vol 37. No. 3. 699725. Porter, J. R, (2009). Childrens tendency to defend victims of school bullying Genders social identity, and normative pressure. (Doctoral dissertation) University of Florida ProQuest dissertation and Theses 128. Retrieved from file//localhost/Retrieved from http/search. Proquest.com, doc view304885104%3F accountid=34899. (304885104). Accessed 18th February 2013. Project Wisdom Helping students make wiser choices. Online article. Retrieved from www.projectwisdom.com. Accessed 18th February 2013. Rigby, K. (2002). New perspectives on bullying. Philadelphia PA Jessica Kingsley publishers LTD. Schroeder, D. (2010) Traumatic Effects of Bullying. Online article in The Pennsylvania Counselor. 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Dress for Succes

When I think of the phrase Dress for Success I think of a person run shortting ready or preparing for a big antic interview. Like when person goes to a job interview wearing a muscle dress and shorts for a job that requires you to cook food. Or when a person wears super fancy clothes to an interview that requires you to clean bathrooms. Dressing for success is like a guide rotund you what you might need to wear to make a good impression. Dress for success means to dress for the occasion. You deficiency to dress for the occasion because you beginnert want be out-of-order. An example of this is going to church in pajamas.That is an example of preparation out-of-order. Schools are even making their dress codes better. They dont want the kids to dress themselves in tank pates and super short shorts. Some girls do that just to fit in. Those girls are dumb. Dressing for success doesnt alone apply to job interviews, but for many other things. If youre running for long distances, y ou dont want your everyday clothes to slow you down. How coul you mountain this simple problem? You could get the appropriate clothes for running and it would help you by taking off unneeded weight and make you not get tired as quickly.When you are applying for a job interview, you should look nice. If you want to get a job at a bank, you should wear nice gasp and a nice shirt, or a dress. If you are applying for a job at Hot Topic you could probably wear a T shirt from your favorite band and skinny jeans. Avoid too many body piercings though. When you go to a job interview or someones funeral you suck up to dress with respect. And nice. You dont want your butt or boobs hanging out. You want people to think your decent and well-behaved. Another example is when you wear a tank top and some booty shorts to school.Thats not a good thing to wear. You got to wear non-distracting clothes. When you come to school you dont really have to dress for success but you dont want to come lookin g a hot mess. Come looking decent. I think dressing for success is important because people will make assumptions about you. If youre in Wal-Mart and youre wearing old pajamas with holes in them in all the handle places, people will think youre weird. If youre at a school dance, casual, and you wear a wedding dress, people will think youre lame and weird.If you go to prom wearing a dressing robe, people will NOT dance with you. When I think of dress for success I think of Say you wanna go to Adventure. Your friends are dressed in booty shorts and tank tops but there are hundreds of people theyre looking at you, is that really how you wanna dress? People dont want to see girls in booty shorts walking around at the age of 11 or 12. I think people should dress a certain way. One reason is if you own a fortune ergocalciferol company and you wear flip-flops and a tank top. The workers wont take you seriously.

National Bureau of Economic Research Essay

Go to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) weave site, http//www. nber. org, and select New Working Papers. In the Google search space, type alcohol. Use the titles and summaries of the musical compositions to answer the following questions relating to duck soup(a) Do the mentally ill gather in dead inelastic demands for cigarettes and alcohol? Elasticity helps us define the relationship of changes in price and incomes to the effect of supply and demand. The question posed is do the mentally ill have perfectly inelastic demands for cigarettes and alcohol?First, we must define what perfectly inelastic demand is. As defined by our textbook, a perfectly inelastic demand is one in which price change results in no change whatsoever in the quantity demanded. This is further defined as an extreme case. After reading a paper written by Henry Saffer and Dhaval Dave in 2002, the conclusions were rather convincing. When mental illness is not factored into price elasticity for c igarettes and alcohol, it is determined that raising the price of these addictive goods will lower the demand for them.The paper shows that mental illness raises the consumption of these addictive goods by 94% and 25% respectfully. Further, the test for elasticity was performed with this specific group in mind. It was determined that mental illness had no substantive effect on the price elasticity of cigarettes and alcohol. With this in mind it is easy to draw the conclusion that the mentally ill do not have perfectly inelastic demands for cigarettes and alcohol. Reference Working paper 8699 cordial Illness and the demand for alcohol, cocaine and cigarettes by Henry Saffer and Dhaval Dave.b) Does alcohol consumption increase in bad times? Before reading this article and feeling at the question presented in front does alcohol use increase in bad times? you would quickly determine that logically the answer is yes. With simple-minded knowledge of alcohol intake one would be provok ed to think alcohol in bad times can be used as self-medication to the lack of income. We have all seen that famous scene where a stressed individual will order numerous shots of hard liquor to ease their sorrow, but nevertheless with all that simple knowledge the answer to the question is actually no.By the research done in this paper by Christopher. J Ruhm he brings to light that alcohol intake doesnt have a positive increase in bad times instead it has a celestial latitude in consumption. He uncovers that heavy drinkers decrease quite a lot with the loss of income, and that even recreational and binge drinking declines as well though at a smaller pace. As a whole, alcohol consumption doesnt increase during bad times overall. Reference Working paper 8511 Does crapulence Really Decrease in Bad Times?By Christoher Ruhm and William Black(c) What is the effect of cigarette taxes (and smuggling) on the consumption of alcohol? What does that imply about the busy elasticity of demand between the two? Tax implications and its effect on alcohol consumption were studied in detail in working paper 8962. This study was done in Canada. What the writer found was that higher tax rates for cigarettes wouldnt stimulate alcohol consumption as a permutation habit. When smuggling was factored into the equation, it was found that in Canadian smuggling could have increased both cigarette and alcohol consumption.After analyzing the entropy with two different data sets and trying to determine cross elasticity, the first analysis determined that cigarettes and alcohol were complimentary, as cigarette consumption decreased, so did alcohol consumption, when smuggling is not factored. However, when a different data set is used, the FAMEX data, then the two were found to be independent. This forced the writer to concede that no conclusion could be drawn on the subject at the time, but that the writer could conclude that alcohol is not a substitute of cigarettes.

Music Therapy for Health and Wellness

Lilia Grabenstein Professor Lambert Hartman GWRTC 103 11 October 2012 How Does medicament Therapy Affect Patients Psychological and Physiological Well-being? Many countries that you cease travel to, acquire their own style of medicament that makes up their culture, which is incorporated into their lifestyles. practice of medicine was not solo created around the world for enjoyment, b atomic number 18ly has been used as a form of comfort, a stress reliever, and a healer (What Is Music Therapy? ).According to the American Cancer Society, in their Find and Support Treatment section, medicament therapy was developed in during World War II where it was used in US Veteran Administration hospitals to hatch soldiers from suffering from shell shock (Music Therapy). From a personal consume, I feel that music eases my tension, helps me focus, and relates to how I am feeling. In addition to my personal experience and connection with music, I was left(p) to see how music can be even mo re therapeutic. I am interested around the profession of music therapy as healthy as the effects that it has on patients and deal with disabilities.For my explore, I decided to choose the question, What effect does music therapy have on various patients animal(prenominal) and mental wellbeing? I wanted to examine this question more intently, be agent I believe that music therapy can provide evidence for a in the altogether method of healing for people that suffer from illnesses including cancer, disease, and depression as well as mental disabilities exchangeable autism. As I started my research, I first wanted to assure out what music therapy was and what type of audience it was aimed toward.The first resource that I found to steer me in the right direction was the Music Therapy familiarity website where I read, What is Music Therapy? This provided me with the basic definition of music therapy and how it aimed to help their patients. Music Therapy is defined as, the clin ical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program (What is Music Therapy? ). Here, I learned that the entire website is geared toward people who find it difficult to express themselves and feel strengthened by the music that the program is creating for them. For many years music therapy has been developing and helping to ease the hurting of many patients ranging from various ages with illnesses and disorders. Specialized in this area, music therapists are develop professionals who assess the well being of the physical health, communications, and functions of client needs (What Is Music Therapy? ). nearly of their main goals are to promote wellness, alleviate pain enhance memory, and promote physical rehabilitation (What Is Music Therapy? ). The website gives you the opportunity to scrape up as a Music Therapist, attend conferenc es for the program, and provides many stories and quotes virtually(predicate) personal experiences with musical therapy. Although this website was beneficial to the start of my search, I knew I needed more to do more in depth research just about my topic.I decided to expand on my previous topic so I searched the LEO Library Website on the JMU page for promote research. Here, I found a book called Interactive Music Therapy, where Amelia Oldfield shares her experience from traveling to a Child Development Center where she conducted a subject area the developmental relationship on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their parents. Since Oldfield specializes in studying children with ASD, I knew she would provide quality culture for me to include.For eighteen to twenty-six weeks Oldfield studied ten children and their parents by mental picture analysis, semi-structured parent interviews, music therapy reports, and Parenting Stress Index questionnaires. After hours of recor ding data at the end of the study, nine out of ten parents felt the sessions proved to have a positive sham subsequentlyward participating in the program. The children resulted in change magnitude levels of engagement, communication levels, playfulness, and interaction with their parents.Parents PSI levels all spurned, but it was proven that devil pairs of parents PSI levels decreased dramatically. The video analysis data was not as positive as the music report, which proved to be more accommodating in the study (Oldfield 157-169). After reading this excerpt, I gained more insight into understanding how interactions, communication, and even relaxation levels can increase based on music therapy treatments. At this point in my study, I knew that I had made progress in researching he topic of music therapy and how it increased interaction of children with ASD. I knew that I had to mining even deeper if I wanted to support my question. Oldfields study seemed give care children with ASD were increasing their connection with their parents. I wanted to learn even more about how music therapy could potentially improve autistic childrens learning methods. In my next source, Hayoung A. Lim shares a perspective of children with ASD in the classroom. In addition to my last research source, I decided to go to the library to further my research.I took about six books off the shelf, and one that stood out to me was Developmental Speech-Language Training Through Music for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders, by Hayoung A. Lim, which provided me with another variation of a test on children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In a study Lim shares, Carla Hoskins investigated sung and spoken versions of three standardized speech tests, which included a verbal test, verbal with pictures, and a sung version with guitar. This was used to see if it would produce better get around-term memory.Through multiple tests with regular verbal talk, music, and music with words, at that place was a significant difference in learning experience of the children in each group. It appeared to be evident that the tests with the verbal music with pictures improved short-term memory, increased communication, created more focus in the classroom. The results of this research was the cause of enjoyment in accordance to the method using music and pictures, which took away from the boring learning glory compared to other methods (Lim 73-77).After reading this excerpt, I came to the conclusion that these tests and studies on children with ASD and delayed speech development started to clarify the first part of my question about the improvement of the mental well-being of people. This information gave me a clearer perspective of how music and learning combined makes it more exciting, especially for children to gain knowledge about certain subjects. Besides children, I wanted to understand how music could also affect adults and teens.Another great article that I found on th e LexisNexis Academic database was about how music therapy can be an effective tool in enhancing the quality of life among cancer survivors and people suffering from chronic illnesses (Wee). May Wong Mei-lin found the Hong Breast Cancer Foundation after she experienced breast cancer herself, where the Hong Kong Music Therapy program had professionals perform for patients. A breast cancer survivor that attended Hong Kong Breast Cancer Foundation, Pollina Ip Lai-chun, united a program called Melody-in-Mind after experiencing depression after chemotherapy.She stated that singing lifted her spirits and she feels that she has become more cheerful (Wee). In Wees article, she included the four types of intervention in a music therapy session performing including singing or playing instruments, composing, improvising, and listening. In addition, Wee included both(prenominal) studies in her article like one that was conducted in 2009 by the University of Maryland Medical center that found that, Alzheimers patients who received music therapy experienced lower levels of anxiety and depression.She also discovered a study from Drexel University by Joke Bradt provided that, music can reduce anxiety in cancer patients, and may also have positive effects on mood, pain, and quality of life. Lastly, another study included from Nature Neuroscience showed that listening to preferred music could cause the brain to release a dopamine chemical that improves our moods. This information created answers to my questions and even expanded on the side effects music therapy can have on the brain. This positive feedback made my research process look even more promising.After numerous amounts of research, I kept finding articles that discussed the improvement in psychological areas, but I was very adamant about learning if music therapy truly could help the physiological state of being for patients that had were in worse conditions of illness. If I could find more information about physic al improvement, I could answer my initial question confidently. In some cases, I have heard that music can be a factor in stage set sicknesses and diseases, so I was also curious to see if this information was factual.In my final day of research, a study that I read from the American Cancer Society called Music Therapy, included that in a clinical trial, musical therapy provided for cancer patients was proven to reduce symptoms like high blood pressure, heart rate, insomnia, and breathing rate. This information provides evidence that music therapy can help our physiological state. While reading this article, I found the precedent included that music did help short-term pain after surgeries, but a key factor that I noticed was that he stated, there were no difference in survival rates (Music Therapy).Soon after I read this, I realized that the method of musical therapy might help excited well-being and decrease in levels like stress, but it would not actually remediation a patien t of a medical illness. After I searched with different data bases on the LEO Library, my eye caught various titles like Music Therapy Cures Stroke Patients and Music Therapy Cures Cancer Patients. However, the articles and excerpts I read were very short and did not have factual evidence to support the claims. With that, I have concluded that Music Therapy does not help our physiological wellbeing as more than as it helps our psychological wellbeing.Although I could not find too much supporting evidence about the physical aid that music therapy provides patients besides cut down things like heart rate, the last article I stumbled upon provided a new angle of vision toward my topic. Although I found many article about curing illnesses, this story provided a unique twist to my research about the use of music therapy in a hospice setting. The article Music Therapy Taken To Hospice Patients, Sarah Pitts, a trained musical therapist, worked in a four-year musical therapy program at t he Hospice of West Alabama in Tuscaloosa.Pitts brought instruments like drums, which helped release tension in children that had cerebral paralysis or muscular dystrophy. Pitts saw improvement in patients who had overcome strokes and had other similar impairments. She even played music for a family that requested here dapple the patient died peacefully. As Pitts simply played on her guitar and sang for patients, she was able help reduce anxiety in her patients and even a few patients became well enough to leave hospice (Music Therapy Taken To Hospice Patients).This article did provide evidence of physical improvement in relation to patients with physical impairments, however, not enough information was provided that signified dramatic physical improvement. After hours of research spent in the library and online, I found that the art of music therapy provides a healing military group for people everywhere. Whether we are elderly, youth, or teenagers, we all can find a comfort whil e listening to music. The goal of music therapists is to provide an interactive automated teller where patients can socialize and physically watch a performance wherever they may reside.In response to my initial research question, I have concluded that music therapy is beneficial in augmenting the intellect of children with disabilities, lowering anxiety levels, easing tension, and lowering heart rate, to name few. In addition, my research provided that music therapy alone doesnt cure cancer and illnesses. There is a possibility that it has cured patients, but many studies that I read concluded that the music only eased short-term pain. Overall, I have found that music therapy has been proven to increase our psychological well being more than our physical wellbeing.I would have to conduct more research about music therapy and its capability of physically curing patients fully in order to answer my research question more accurately. Annotated Bibiographies Lim, Hayoung A. Lim. Devel opmental Speech-Language Training Through Music for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. London Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2012. 73-77. Print. This book provides copious amounts of information for parents that are curious in learning about how they can help their child become more at ease by using music therapy.In the chapter I read, there was a test that was made for children that tested the short term memory of children with ASD which improved after testing with musical therapy. This article is important because it informs us about different ways autistic children can enhance their development of intelligence with this unique approach. Music Therapy. Find Support and Treatment. American Cancer Society. 1 Nov. 2011. Web 10 Oct. 2012. The article from the American Cancer society website about music therapy is geared toward readers curious about alternative methods of relieving the pain of cancer patients.It talks about the benefits of attaining an overall sense of well-being t hat patients receive from music therapy at the bedside in hospitals. This article is helpful in providing information about the many physical reliefs that music can help to treat various cancer patients. Music Therapy Taken to Hospice Patients. Hospice Management consultant (2010) LexisNexis Academic. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. Written for readers who are interested in methods of healing during hospice, this journal article provides how a music therapist improved spirits of patients in searing conditions.This article shares how being part of interactive musical therapy can help patients in hospice to ease their anxiety and maintain their peace by listening to therapists like Sarah Pitts. This information is valuable because it promotes the development of both psychological and physiological wellbeing that can improve attitudes of people that are suffering from illness. Oldfield, Amelia. Interactive Music Therapy A Positive Approach. Philadelphia Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. 157-169. Print. In this interactive online book, Oldfield creates her focus toward parents of children with disabilities.Specifically, in one of her studies, she observed interactions of parents and their children who took many music therapy tests and structured interviews. This chapter in the book provided that music therapy does have an impact on how children with autism interact with their surroundings, providing that they were more open to self-expression, learning, and interaction while listening to music during the tests. Wee, Margaret. Music Therapy is Proving to be an Effective Tool in Enhancing the Quality of bread and butter Among Cancer Survivors and People Suffering From Chronic Illnesses.South China Morning Post (2011) LexisNexis Academic. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. This is a journalistic article that features a story written for readers who are curious about cures for breast cancer. While music therapy is not exactly a cure for breast cancer, this article provides information about h ow it acts as a temporary healer for patients suffering from depression and anxiety during chemotherapy. This is an important article because it provides valuable information that can help researchers gain more insight about the healing music therapy promotes. What Is Music Therapy? Music Therapy Association. 2011. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. This website provides stories about various patients who experienced the healing of music therapy. The website provides an opportunity for music therapists to sign up online and join for a good cause. The website provides basic definitions and information about what the association is geared toward. From this there are many beneficial links about AMTA and how it is utilized in places like schools, nursing homes, and hospitals.

Antony and Cleopatra: Heroic Act, Post Heroic Age

Q advert Antony and Cleopatra as a luxurious act written in a post-heroic age. Antony and Cleopatra is a tragic twist written by William Shakespeare embodying the basic capriciousnesss of most of the Jacobean tragedies that occurred during the reign of King James the first of England. The ro objet dartce follows a historical imitation of the events that occurred during the reign of the Egyptian and Roman Empire under the index finger of Cleopatra of Alexandria and the Triumvirs i. e. Ceaser, Antony and Lepidus of Athens.Antony, star of the main Triumvirs of Rome, f onlys in love with the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, stirring up an affair seeped in semipolitical turmoil and fight. Antony, torn apart between his duties to his kingdom and his love for Cleopatra, finds himself in the midst of the tragic reminiscence of many of Shakespeares leading male characters give care Othello, Kind Lear, and Macbeth etc. A man, destined towards an stiff end due to one characteristic drawba ck, one fatal flaw. To understand the topic of courage and provide Heroism one must go back to the origin of the Tragic Play.The idea of tragedy comes from the peripatetic school of thought. Tragedy as an art form, from the earliest works of Western play writes like Homer and Sophocles derives itself from a materialist mind, choosing to harness the problems of the inevitable in heroic, alarming, aristocratic individuals. It is a matter of masculinity, noble warriors, constricting for a single minded, subjective socio political motive, devoid of the scepticism, sensibility and democratic ideologies that exist today.It is too associated with myth, sacrifice and rituals, adhering to the rules and predestined location of the individual on a higher, transcendental platform. Adherence to a religious, or god like following. Examples of puritan ideas of tragedy are Antigone, Agamemnon, Oedipus etc. Antony and Cleopatra was written in the late sixteenth century AD, during the reign of King James the first, making it a generalised Jacobean drama. Yet, the play is vastly different than any of its generation, be it from other play writes of the time, as well as Shakespeares induce tragedies.It is different from its contemporaries by taking characters from a historical, heroic phase of the world and giving it the characteristics of an peripatetic tragedy, not showing the situations in their respective time periods. Most of the other Jacobean dramas follow scarce the already existing notion of socio political norms in their timely reality. It surpasses the law of time and space continuum as scenes bounce back and forth between different places (Alexandria, Pompey, and Athens) and different time spheres not rendering to the wayfaring idea of drama.Also, it is only in Antony and Cleopatra, does Shakespeare have characters that encompass an ideology themselves, defining their identity. Cleopatra, as a character, embodies an substitute(a) idea, the idea of the other the alien, sexual, over feminised view of the Orient. Antony, the idea of the tragic hero, the fallen devotee. Octavius Ceaser, the idea of duty, power, discipline. The mere particular that, the political ideologies of the racial other is significant in the play, when strategies and affairs go beyond the Eurocentric notion of duty and order is in itself a marvel.The challenges met by the masculine, western order of the world goes beyond borders to the exotic orient, ruled by a powerful woman who dominates the entire play makes many critics treat Antony and Cleopatra as a transgressive play of the time. Yet, it cannot fit the pure idea of the classical tragedy either. It lacks the divine authority of Aristotelian tragedy, not condemning itself too much to predestination. It is devoid of rituals and noble sacrifices etc. The sacrifices made, for example, by Antony and Cleopatra was not for ascetical duties to anyone else, but fuelled by their passion for one another.Cleopatra, as a character, is pivotal to the play. She is either being communicate of, or to in the venture and holds the most power amongst any of the other characters. A woman, being the essence of conversation and drive, is not befitting to a classical tragedy. Hence, Antony and Cleopatra lies somewhere in between, making many critics measure the idea of the Jacobean drama itself as well as comparing and contrasting the play with its contemporaries to reach a higher understanding of why it was written as such.From this difference is raised the psyche of the difference in era and time with relation to the notion of honour, heroism and post heroism. Heroism is describe as a type of war the strategy of which is based on a single mans heroic socio-political motives. Hence, heroism in a literary sense, translates to a drama based upon the lacking(p)s of one or few men. The Iliad, by Homer is an excellent example of heroism in dramatic form. The war against troy, instigated by ain ambitions of a few men. Achilless want of glory (another heroic notion), Menelauss revenge against Paris, and Agamemnons quest for power.Heroism is found to be the rock base of almost all the tragedies of the ancient western world. Homeric and Aristotelian tragedies base their motives upon the hands of a single persons personal agenda. A war is caused, thousands is people are sent to their deaths over decades, to win a fight for one mans honour. Based on myth and sacrifice, adhering to knowledge of ancient civilisations. Antony and Cleopatra, based on the history of civilisations, geological dating back to around 69 BC, written by William Shakespeare born during the renaissance, Elizabethean age dating to 14th century AD, provides a complex mechanism of thinking.C. L. Barber quotes There was a decline in honour amongst aristocracy due to professionalism of warfare. Heroism no longer existed by the end of the 17th century. so comes the question of why a play such as Antony and Cleopatra, f ull of nobility, honour and the notion of Heroism was written during a post-heroic age. The content, befitting to an Aristotelian drama, is written in a subversive, moralistic fashion provided by the inevitable destruction of the essence to which it is formed.The character of Antony is described as an autonomous figure, with personal drive and passions. Octavius Ceaser on the other hand, performs his duties towards his empire without tangling himself in personal dilemmas. And the character of Cleopatra, of course, renders to the main problem. That is Cleopatra encompasses the political and personal problem, Antony the fallen lover entangled in the problem, and Ceaser, and the authorial figure who in the end, stamps his values as the winner and survivor of the situation.Ironically, it is the genuinely base of ancient heroism that becomes Antonys fatal flaw. By the second half of the drama, Antony is trapped within his own ego, whilst Ceaser dissuades his honour. In Act 3, scene 12, Ceaser even foretells Antonys self-destruction, in a conversation with Thidias upon the word of Antony returning to Egypt fleeing from his duties Observe how Antony becomes his flaw, And what thou thinkst his very action speaks, In every power that moves. Shakespeare, reveals the strategy of the play from Ceasers perspective the perspective of the post heroic age of duty and civilian authority against that of personal glory and ambition. This biasness shows the context with which the play was written from a Eurocentric, masculine objectivity. Right before Ceaser and Antony go to war with their respective armed forces, Antony challenges Ceaser to a one on one, swordfight to determine their fates. This heroic gesture is then verturned with Ceaser refusing to acquire the challenge. In Act 4, scene 1, Ceaser seems to laugh off his Antonys proposal. He calls me boy, and chides as he had power to beat me out of Egypt. My messenger He hath whipped with rods dares me to personal combat, Ceaser to Antony. I have many other shipway to die, meanwhile laugh at his challenge. Ironically, the Antony seems to be a heroic character driven by his honour, his virtus, yet it is this characteristic itself, that Shakespeare has twisted into a fatal flaw.The character of Antony is destroyed because Shakespeare makes his personal heroism, his only drawback. Odd, as personal glory and passion, two man dual ship, etc. , was revered in the heroic full point of Aristotelian drama, in which historically, the play is located. Perhaps, abiding by the rule of King James the first, Shakespeare needed to bond to social norms, by exoticising the east, and by condemning Antonys heroism to death abiding by the Jacobean age which was devoid of such fantasy.By taking the subject of Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare seemingly reverses the whole idea of the myth, and transforms it to please and passenger vehicle the masses of 14th century England. Antony and Cleopatra hence becomes one of th e most interesting pieces of Shakespeare as well as Jacobean drama, by transgressing itself completely from a heroic, materialistic, world to the dawn of the new age of political stability, commonwealth and sensibility.